旱区集雨种植方式对土壤水分、温度的时空变化及春玉米产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.06.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探索不同集雨种植方式春玉米旱作田土壤水分转运、分配、土壤温度的时空变化特征及其对玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响，为试区玉米高产、水分高效持续利用型种植模式提供理论依据。【方法】2013—2014年在宁夏彭阳区设置传统露地平作（CK）为对照，分析4种不同集雨覆膜种植方式下春玉米各生育期的土壤水分、土壤温度、水分利用效率及产量变化。4种集雨覆膜种植方式分别为双垄沟全覆膜种植（D）、半膜平铺种植（F）、沟播垄膜双行种植（R1）、沟播垄膜单行种植（R2）。沟播垄膜双行处理和半膜平铺处理覆膜宽度均为60 cm，沟播垄膜单行处理垄宽50 cm、沟宽10 cm，双垄沟全覆膜大垄宽70 cm，垄高15 cm、小垄宽50 cm，垄高10 cm。播种密度均为75 000株/hm²。播前基施化肥102 kg N·hm^-2和90 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2，拔节期追施153 kg N·hm^-2，试验为随机区组设计，3次重复。【结果】各覆膜处理较CK可明显改善土壤水温条件，在玉米苗期（0—30 d），D、F、R1、R2处理0—200 cm土层的贮水量比CK分别增加了10%、8.9%、10.9%和14.4%。在玉米生长中后期（90—120 d），受降雨量与不同覆膜种植方式下玉米耗水量不同，各覆膜处理0—200 cm土层贮水量表现出差异，2013年（前期降水为309.4 mm）各覆膜处理显著低于CK，覆膜处理间无显著差异，2014年（前期降水为104.9 mm）R1、R2处理贮水量均显著高于其他覆膜处理。2年试验中，R1处理0—40 cm土层贮水量显著高于其他处理，平均增加了5%；D、F、R1、R2 处理0—25 cm土层土壤温度在玉米苗期较CK分别增加了3.5、2.3、0.9和1.1 ℃；玉米全生育期总干物质积累量呈“S”型曲线，在0—60 d，积累量较小，各处理仅占整个生育期的4.3%-15.4%，各处理大小顺序为：D＞R2＞F＞R1＞CK；在60—120 d（大喇叭口期至灌浆期），积累了玉米干物质的74.5%，此期D、R2的干物质积累速率达309.3和324.1 kg·hm^-2·d^-1；2013年（玉米全生育期降雨量为594.1 mm）D、F、R2的水分利用效率和玉米产量较CK分别提高13.4%、21.2%、13.3%和18.0%、11.2%、20.3%；2014年D、R1、R2（玉米全生育期降雨量为341.9 mm）的水分利用效率和玉米产量比CK分别显著提高了31.1%、33.8%、35.1%和42.5%、39.9%、40.8%，D、R1、R2处理间产量无明显差异。各覆膜处理在降水较少的年份水分利用效率和产量增加幅度较大，且R1效果明显。【结论】沟垄集雨种植方式可明显改善宁南半干旱地区土壤浅层水分状况，提高土壤温度，增加物质积累量；沟播垄膜种植在降水较少的年份集雨优势明显，双垄沟全覆膜、沟播垄膜单行种植的水分利用效率和产量最佳。该项研究丰富了宁南半干旱地区旱作集水种植模式，对进一步完善和筛选适合半干旱地区玉米高产稳产的可持续发展种植模式提供了理论依据。

关键词: 覆膜集雨种植, 土壤水分, 土壤温度, 春玉产量, 水分利用效率, 半干旱区

Abstract: 【Objective】To provide a theoretical evidence for high yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of maize, the experiment was conducted to test soil moisture transportation and distribution, soil temperature, yield and WUE of dryland spring maize for determining the effects of rainfall harvesting under different planting methods.【Method】Four different plastic film mulching planting treatments were used in arid areas of Pengyang country in Ningxia in 2013-2014: double ridges and furrows both mulched with plastic film and planting in furrows (D), flat planting of narrow film mulching (F), plastic film mulching on ridge and planting in film-side (R1) and plastic film mulching on ridge and planting in narrow furrow (R2). A conventional flat field without mulching was used as the control (CK). Soil water and temperature, WUE, and yield at different growth stages of spring maize were analyzed in this study. The experiment was designed by random blocks and repeated three times. The plastic film width of R1 and F treatments were both 60 cm, furrow width of R1 was 10 cm and ridge width was 50 cm, the big-ridge width of D was 70 cm and ridges height was 15 cm, the other small one width and height were 50 cm and 10 cm. Planting density of different treatments were 75 000 plants/hm2. The amount of based fertilizer applied before sowing was N 102 kg·hm^-2and P₂O₅ 90 kg·hm^-2 , and topdressing was N 153 kg·hm^-2. 【Result】 The results showed that the status of soil water and temperature had improved significantly in all the four plastic film mulching planting treatments compared with CK. In maize seedling period (0-30 d), the soil water storage at depths of 0-200 cm soil layer with D, F, R1 and R2 increased by 10%, 8.9%, 10.9% and 14.4%, respectively, compared with CK. At maize mid-late stage (90-120 d), affected by rainfall precipitation and different planting treatments, the maize water consumption was different. In addition, soil water storage in 0-200 cm soil profile showed differences: the soil water storage in the plastic film mulching planting treatments were significantly lower compared with CK in 2013 (precipitation was 309.4 mm in July and August), there was no significant difference between treatments, however, the soil water storage in R1 and R2 treatments were significantly higher than other plastic film mulching planting treatments. However, in the 2 years experiment, the soil water storage in 0-40 cm soil profile of R1 was significantly higher than other treatments, with an average of increasing of 5%; The soil temperature at the depth of 0-25cm soil layer increased by 3.5, 2.3, 0.9 and 1.1℃ in D, F, R1 and R2 treatments compared with CK. Total dry matter accumulation of maize during the whole growth period showed a "S" curve type, during the first two months, the dry matter accumulation was small, each treatment accounted for only 4.3%-15.4% of the whole growth period, with the order from high to low: D＞R2＞F＞R1＞CK. About 74.5% of the dry matter accumulation was formed in the next two months (flare opening to filling period ), the dry matter accumulations were 30.93 and 3.241 kg·hm^-2·d^-1 in the treatments of D, R2. WUE and maize yield of D, F, R2 increased by 13.4%, 21.2%, 13.3% and 18.0%, 11.2%, 20.3% compared with CK in 2013 (when annual rainfall was 594.1 mm). However, the WUE and maize yield in D, R1, R2 treatments increased by 31.1%, 33.8%, 35.1% and 42.5%, 39.9%, 40.8% in 2014 (when annual rainfall was 341.9 mm). There were no significant differences among D, R1, and R2 treatments. The yield and WUE of plastic film mulching planting treatments increased significantly in a less precipitation year, and among all of which, the effect in the treatment of R2 was obvious. 【Conclusion】 The plastic film mulched ridge and sowing furrow planting changed the shallow soil water condition significantly, improved soil temperature, increased dry matter accumulation in semi-arid areas of southern Ningxia. Furrow and ridge mulching planting treatments gave obvious advantages in the less precipitation years. the WUE and maize yield of D and R1 were the best. This study enriched the plastic film mulching plating treatments in the semi-arid areas of southern Ningxia, and provided a basis for the sustainable developing treatments which could improve the yield and stabilize the yield in the semi-arid areas.

Key words: plastic film mulching to rainfall harvesting planting, soil water, soil temperature, spring maize yield, water use efficiency, semi-arid areas

李玉玲，张鹏，张艳，贾倩民，刘东华，董昭芸，贾志宽，韩清芳，任小龙. 旱区集雨种植方式对土壤水分、温度的时空变化及春玉米产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(6): 1084-1096.

LI Yu-ling, ZHANG Peng, ZHANG Yan, JIA Qian-min, LIU Dong-hua, DONG Zhao-yun, JIA Zhi-kuan, HAN Qing-fang, REN Xiao-long. Effects of Rainfall Harvesting Planting on Temporal and Spatial Changing of Soil Water and Temperature, and Yield of Spring Maize (Zea mays L.) in Semi-Arid Areas[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(6): 1084-1096.

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