耕作覆盖对宁南旱区土壤团粒结构及马铃薯水分利用效率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.11.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探讨耕作覆盖对旱作土壤团粒结构、马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响。【方法】于2013—2016年进行连续3个作物生长季定位试验,通过设置3种耕作方式（深松、免耕、翻耕）和3种覆盖措施（秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖和不覆盖）,研究耕作结合覆盖对土壤团聚体数量、土壤蓄水量及马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】耕作方式、覆盖措施及二者交互作用可显著增加0—40 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量,深松覆盖秸秆处理0—20 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量在欠水年（2016）和相对欠水年（2014）分别较翻耕不覆盖显著提高14.2%、16.9%,而免耕覆盖秸秆处理在平水年（2015）较翻耕不覆盖显著提高8.5%;20—40 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量在欠水年以深松覆盖秸秆、相对欠水年深松覆盖地膜和平水年免耕覆盖秸秆处理最高,分别较翻耕不覆盖显著提高18.2%、21.5%、18.7%。耕作方式、覆盖措施及二者交互作用对0—200 cm土层蓄水量影响显著,深松覆盖秸秆处理休闲期土壤蓄水量分别在相对欠水年、欠水年和平水年较翻耕不覆盖处理显著提高29.6%、9.3%、11.4%;其关键生育时期平均土壤蓄水量分别在欠水年和相对欠水年较翻耕不覆盖显著增加21.9%、28.9%,而免耕覆盖秸秆处理在平水年较翻耕不覆盖处理显著增加17.1%。在相对欠水年,耕作方式对马铃薯产量和水分利用效率无显著影响,而覆盖措施及耕作与覆盖交互作用对其有显著影响,以免耕覆盖秸秆处理最佳,分别较翻耕不覆盖处理显著提高51.8%和50.5%;在平水年和欠水年,耕作方式、覆盖措施及其二者交互对马铃薯产量和水分利用效率有极显著影响,产量、水分利用效率均以深松覆盖秸秆处理效果最佳,平均较翻耕不覆盖处理显著提高56.9%和44.8%。【结论】耕作结合覆盖措施可改善耕层土壤团粒结构,显著增强休闲期和生育期土壤蓄水保墒能力,从而显著提高马铃薯产量和水分利用效率,在平水年和欠水年采用深松结合秸秆覆盖、相对欠水年采用免耕结合秸秆覆盖模式可实现宁南旱作马铃薯增产。

关键词: 耕作覆盖, 土壤团聚体, 土壤水分, 马铃薯产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

【Objective】The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of tillage with mulching on soil aggregate structure and water use efficiency of potato in southern Ningxia where is a typical semiarid rain-fed area. 【Method】A four years term field experiment of three growing season was carried out from 2013 to 2016, and three tillage methods (subsoiling, no tillage and ploughing) with three mulching measures (straw mulching, film mulching and no mulching) were set up to study the effects of different tillage methods combined with mulching measures on soil aggregate quantity, soil water storage capacity, potato yield and water use efficiency. 【Result】 Tillage methods, mulching measures and their interaction could significantly increase the >0.25 mm aggregate size fraction in 0-40 cm layer. In 0-20 cm layer, compared with ploughing tillage without mulching treatment, subsoiling with straw mulching treatment significantly increased the >0.25 mm aggregate size fraction by 14.2% and 16.9% in dry year (2016) and deficit year (2014), respectively, while no tillage with straw mulching treatment was significantly increased by 8.5% in the normal year (2015). In 20-40 cm soil layer, subsoiling with straw mulch in dry year, subsoiling with film mulch in deficit year, and no tillage with straw mulch in normal year had the best effects in the >0.25 mm aggregate size fraction, which were significantly increased by 18.2%, 21.5% and 18.7%, respectively, compared with ploughing tillage without mulching. The tillage methods, mulching measures, and their interactions had significant effects on the soil water storage (0-200 cm). Compared with ploughing without mulching treatment, subsoiling with straw mulching treatment significantly increased the mean soil water storage in fallow period by 29.6%, 9.3%, and 11.4%, respectively. Compared with ploughing tillage without mulching, subsoiling with straw mulching treatment in dry year and deficit year significantly increased the mean soil water storage in key growth period by 21.9% and 28.3%, respectively, while no tillage with straw mulching treatment in normal year significantly increased the mean soil water storage in key growth period by 17.1%. In deficit year, the mulching methods and the interaction of tillage with mulching had significant effects on the yield and water use efficiency of potato, while no significances were found among the tillage methods. Compared with the ploughing without mulching, no tillage with straw mulch significantly increased the potato yield and water use efficiency by 51.8% and 50.5%, respectively. In normal year and dry year, the tillage methods, mulching measures and their interactions had highly significant effects on the potato yield and water use efficiency, and treatment of subsoiling with straw mulch had the best effect. The yield and water use efficiency of subsoiling with straw mulching treatment was 56.19% and 44.84% higher than that of ploughing tillage without mulching, respectively. 【Conclusion】Tillage combined with mulching could improve soil aggregate structure, significantly enhance soil water storage and moisture conservation capacity in fallow and growth periods, and significantly improve potato yield and water use efficiency. Subsoiling combined with straw mulch in normal and dry years, and no tillage combined with straw mulch in deficit years could achieve continuous yield increase of potato in southern Ningxia.

Key words: tillage with mulching, soil aggregate, soil water, potato yield, water use efficiency

苗芳芳,勉有明,普雪可,吴春花,周永瑾,侯贤清. 耕作覆盖对宁南旱区土壤团粒结构及马铃薯水分利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(11): 2366-2376.

MIAO FangFang,MIAN YouMing,PU XueKe,WU ChunHua,ZHOU YongJin,HOU XianQing. Effects of Tillage with Mulching on Soil Aggregate Structure and Water Use Efficiency of Potato in Dry-Farming Area of Southern Ningxia[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(11): 2366-2376.

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参考文献 34

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耕作方式 Tillage method	覆盖材料 Mulching material
耕作方式 Tillage method	秸秆覆盖Straw mulch（JM）	地膜覆盖Film mulch（DM）	不覆盖No mulch（BM）
免耕（NT） No tillage	免耕覆秸秆（NT+JM） No tillage with straw mulch	免耕覆地膜（NT+DM） No tillage with film mulch	免耕不覆盖（NT+BM） No tillage with no mulch
深松（ST） Subsoiling	深松覆秸秆（ST+JM） Subsoiling with straw mulch	深松覆地膜（ST+DM） Subsoiling with film mulch	深松不覆盖（ST+BM） Subsoiling with no mulch
翻耕（CT） Ploughing	翻耕覆秸秆（CT+JM） Ploughing with straw mulch	翻耕覆地膜（CT+DM） Ploughing with film mulch	翻耕不覆盖（CT+BM） Ploughing with no mulch

处理 Treatment		2014		2015		2016
处理 Treatment		0-20 cm	20-40 cm	0-20 cm	20-40 cm	0-20 cm	20-40 cm
BT		70.39	72.25	70.39	72.25	70.39	72.25
NT	BM	64.79c	64.62c	71.19b	70.88b	72.98c	75.02b
	JM	68.56b	70.64b	75.88a	76.92a	79.37a	80.18a
	DM	72.16a	79.16a	72.50b	70.58b	75.35b	79.56a
ST	BM	69.92c	76.52c	72.18b	68.60ab	74.38c	74.60c
	JM	86.61a	84.67b	74.90a	69.93a	80.81a	85.80a
	DM	80.95b	89.10a	72.72b	68.41b	77.01b	77.36b
CT	BM	74.06c	73.35a	69.97b	64.78b	70.76c	72.60b
	JM	78.50b	72.35a	75.56a	69.86a	79.54a	80.34a
	DM	85.74a	73.20a	72.70a	69.43a	77.13b	78.45a
F	T	228.10**	108.03**	16.03*	58.35**	14.35*	23.27**
	M	330.36**	276.32**	93.92**	19.25**	233.24**	94.67**
	T×M	65.52**	76.71**	74.14**	21.14**	7.63**	9.50**

耕作方式 Tillage method	覆盖措施 Mulching measure	2014			2015			2016
耕作方式 Tillage method	覆盖措施 Mulching measure	现蕾 Budding	块茎形成 Tuber initiation	块茎膨大 Tuber expansion	现蕾 Budding	块茎形成 Tuber initiation	块茎膨大 Tuber expansion	现蕾 Budding	块茎形成 Tuber initiation	块茎膨大 Tuber expansion
NT	BM	345.58c	303.26c	300.79c	413.86c	326.82c	311.05c	354.20c	330.64b	319.60c
	JM	380.64a	363.26a	344.31a	469.37a	381.44a	357.70a	441.51a	412.40a	375.53a
	DM	372.48b	322.12b	323.25b	441.31b	366.32b	340.19b	425.04b	408.90a	356.10b
ST	BM	368.24c	325.80c	302.28c	430.11c	328.34c	311.22c	361.34c	334.14c	320.01c
	JM	431.78a	382.92a	360.90a	466.99a	369.93a	344.89a	425.04a	437.26a	395.96a
	DM	404.92b	353.21b	332.08b	451.30b	352.54b	336.49b	409.31b	409.93b	365.42b
CT	BM	363.98c	299.78e	302.78c	398.87c	325.59c	307.07c	349.30c	330.21c	318.93c
	JM	426.40a	363.40a	330.24a	445.01a	370.29a	338.02a	417.88a	406.85a	389.76a
	DM	406.60b	329.48b	318.92b	439.34b	361.37b	329.43b	408.61b	395.03b	371.87b
F	T	9.20*	14.49*	10.24*	13.34*	11.69*	9.23*	9.23*	13.50*	11.52*
	M	254.79**	219.41**	173.3**	138.63**	568.12**	484.03**	379.94**	513.99**	595.73**
	T×M	23.41**	4.49**	7.61**	6.03**	7.01**	8.59**	6.76**	5.88**	6.22**

耕作方式 Tillage method	覆盖材料 Mulching material	产量 Potato yield (kg·hm^-2)			水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)
耕作方式 Tillage method	覆盖材料 Mulching material	2014	2015	2016	2014	2015	2016
NT	BM	25697.8c	13550.9b	9329.7c	89.25b	36.86b	35.24b
	JM	40781.0a	15464.7a	13902.9b	134.05a	39.83ab	50.28a
	DM	29752.4b	15686.2a	15716.3a	90.00b	41.00a	54.71a
ST	BM	26899.8c	15773.2c	11515.9c	90.98b	41.02c	41.42b
	JM	38515.0a	20076.6a	17194.2a	127.30a	50.77a	55.98a
	DM	32276.0b	17746.9b	15407.7b	96.11b	45.68b	52.86a
CT	BM	26864.7c	14690.4c	9171.4c	89.06b	39.21b	34.49c
	JM	36679.6a	16278.6b	10972.6b	118.90a	43.44a	41.44b
	DM	29333.3b	16981.1a	12238.2a	88.61b	44.19a	46.93a
F	T	4.83ns	33.21**	41.06**	5.24ns	47.05**	183.15**
	M	266.92**	115.34**	56.74**	206.56**	36.99**	112.53**
	T×M	6.00**	16.76**	5.62**	3.28*	5.79**	6.40**