高产小麦品种植株干物质积累运转、土壤耗水与产量的关系

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.17.005

中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (17): 3467-3478.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.17.005

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

高产小麦品种植株干物质积累运转、土壤耗水与产量的关系

仝锦(),孙敏,任爱霞,林文,余少波,王强,冯玉,任婕,高志强()

山西农业大学农学院,山西太谷 030801

收稿日期:2020-02-10 接受日期:2020-06-04 出版日期:2020-09-01 发布日期:2020-09-11
通讯作者: 高志强
作者简介:仝锦,E-mail：965733679@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-03-01-24);国家重点研发计划(2018YFD020040105);国家自然科学基金(31771727);山西省回国留学人员科研项目(2017-068);作物生态与旱作栽培生理山西省重点实验室(201705D111007);山西省重点研发计划重点项目(201703D211001);山西农谷建设科研专项(SXNGJSKYZX201703);小麦旱作栽培山西省重点创新团队项目(201605D131041);山西省优秀博士来晋工作奖励资金科研项目(SXYBKY2018044)

Relationship Between Plant Dry Matter Accumulation, Translocation, Soil Water Consumption and Yield of High-Yielding Wheat Cultivars

TONG Jin(),SUN Min,REN AiXia,LIN Wen,YU ShaoBo,WANG Qiang,FENG Yu,REN Jie,GAO ZhiQiang()

College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi

Received:2020-02-10 Accepted:2020-06-04 Online:2020-09-01 Published:2020-09-11
Contact: ZhiQiang GAO

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】通过明确不同产量水平小麦品种植株干物质积累运转、土壤水分消耗与籽粒产量形成的关系,挖掘小麦品种生产潜力,为小麦产量提升提供依据。【方法】本试验于2016—2018年在山西省洪洞县进行,选择4个不同产量水平小麦品种（烟农999、山农29、邯农1412和良星67）,比较品种间植株干物质积累运转、土壤耗水的差异及其与产量形成的关系,揭示品种间产量和水分利用效率存在差异的原因。【结果】连续2年烟农999、山农29产量高于9 000 kg·hm^-2,达到超高产水平,邯农1412产量均高于8 000 kg·hm^-2,达到高产水平,而良星67产量低于7 500 kg·hm^-2,未达到高产水平。较良星67,3个高产品种提高了播种期—拔节期、拔节期—开花期、开花期—成熟期各阶段干物质积累量,分别达12%—57%、5%—62%、11%—47%,显著提高了花前干物质运转量、花后干物质积累量,分别达1%—85%、11%—48%;提高了生育期总耗水量,达17%—29%,显著提高了花前2个阶段耗水量,分别达11%—41%、8%—32%;最终,提高穗数7%—24%、穗粒数4%—13%、千粒重1%—9%,产量20%—37%,水分利用效率2%—14%。较高产品种邯农1412,超高产品种烟农999显著提高了播种期—拔节期、拔节期—开花期干物质积累量和花前干物质运转量,分别达32%—33%、41%—55%、49%—50%,提高了花前2个阶段耗水量,分别达5%—7%、3%—9%,提高穗数8%—16%、穗粒数5%—6%,产量10%—11%;山农29显著提高了花后干物质积累量,达13%,显著提高了花后耗水量,达6%—26%,千粒重提高4%—6%,产量提高5%—6%。2个试验年度4个小麦品种的相关分析表明,花前2个阶段耗水量与花前干物质运转量显著相关,花前干物质运转量与穗数、产量显著相关;花后耗水量与花后干物质积累量显著相关,花后干物质积累量与千粒重、产量显著相关。此外,3个高产品种较良星67,每多消耗1 mm土壤水分可增产16—40 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,且超高产品种土壤耗水对籽粒产量的贡献更大,其水分利用效率较高产品种提高6%—22%。【结论】3个高产品种提高了花前干物质运转量和花前2个阶段耗水量,有利于优化产量构成因素,实现增产、增效。然而不同小麦品种高产途径亦有所差异,烟农999由于生育前期利用土壤水分能力强,促进花前干物质向籽粒运转,通过提高穗数和穗粒数实现超高产;山农29由于生育后期利用土壤水分能力强,促进花后干物质积累,通过提高千粒重实现超高产。

关键词: 小麦, 高产品种, 干物质积累和运转, 土壤耗水, 产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

【Objective】By clarifying the relationship between dry matter accumulation, transportation of wheat plants and soil water change and yield formation, this paper intended to tap the production potential of cultivars, and providing the theoretical basis for improving the yield of winter wheat.【Method】Four wheat cultivars with different yield levels were selected, Yannong999, Shannong29, Hannong1412 and Liangxing67, and the field experiments were conducted in Hongtong county, Shanxi province from 2016 to 2018. The differences of dry matter accumulation and transportation, soil water consumption and their relationship with yield formation of different cultivars were compared to reveal the reasons for the differences in yield and water use efficiency among cultivars.【Result】For two consecutive years, the yield of Yannong999 and Shannong29 were higher than 9 000 kg·hm^-2, reaching a super high yield level; The yield of Hannong1412 was higher than 8 000 kg·hm^-2, reaching a high yield level; While the yield of Liangxing67 was lower than 7 500 kg·hm^-2, not reaching the high yield level. Compared with Liangxing67, the three high-yielding cultivars improved the dry matter accumulation in stages from sowing stage to jointing, jointing stage to anthesis, and anthesis to mature by 12%-57%, 5%-62% and 11%-47%, respectively, which significantly improved the dry matter transportation before anthesis and the dry matter accumulation after anthesis by 1%-85% and 11%-48%, respectively. The total water consumption during the whole growth stage was improved by 17%-29%. The water consumption of the two stages before anthesis was increased by 11%-41% and 8%-32%, respectively. Finally, the ear numbers was improved by 7%-24%, the grain number per ear was improved by 4%-13%, the weight of 1 000 grains was improved by 1%-9%, the yield was improved by 20%-37%, and the water use efficiency was improved by 2%-14%. Compared with the high-yielding cultivars Hannong1412, a super high-yielding cultivar, significantly improved matter accumulation from sowing stage to jointing stage, jointing stage to anthesis and the dry matter transportation before anthesis by 32%-33%, 41%-55% and 49%-50%, respectively; The water consumption of Yannong999 in the first two stages of anthesis was increased by 5%-7% and 3%-9%, respectively; The ear numbers of Yannong999 was improved by 8%-16%, and the grain number per ear was improved by 5%-6%; The yield of Yannong999 was improved by 10%-11%. Shannong29 improved the dry matter accumulation after anthesis, the water consumption after anthesis, weight of 1000 grains, and the yield by 13%, 6%-26%, 4%-6% and 5%-6% respectively. Correlation analysis of four wheat varieties in the two experimental years showed that the water consumption in the first two stages before anthesis was significantly related with the dry matter transportation before anthesis. The dry matter transportation before anthesis was significantly related to the ear numbers and yield, the water consumption after anthesis was significantly related to the dry matter accumulation after anthesis, and the dry matter accumulation after anthesis was significantly related to the weight of 1000 grains and yield. In addition, compared with Liangxing67, for the three high-yielding cultivars, every increase of 1 mm of water consumption in growth period could increase 16-40 kg·hm^-2 of wheat yield. The contribution of soil water consumption of super high-yielding cultivars to grain yield was greater, and its water use efficiency was 6%-22% higher than that of high-yielding cultivars.【Conclusion】The three high-yielding cultivars improved the dry matter translocation and water consumption in the two stages before anthesis, which was beneficial to optimize the yield and its components, so as to achieve the increase of yield and water use efficiency. There are some differences in wheat cultivars for getting high-yielding. Yannong999 had a strong ability of using soil water in early growth, which promoted the translocation of dry matter to grains before anthesis, and achieved super high-yielding by increasing the ear numbers and the grain number per ear. Shannong29 had a strong ability of using soil water in later growth stage, which promoted the dry matter accumulation after anthesis, and achieved super high-yielding by increasing the weight of 1000 grains.

Key words: wheat, high-yielding cultivars, dry matter accumulation and translocation, soil water consumption, yield, water use efficiency

仝锦,孙敏,任爱霞,林文,余少波,王强,冯玉,任婕,高志强. 高产小麦品种植株干物质积累运转、土壤耗水与产量的关系[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(17): 3467-3478.

TONG Jin,SUN Min,REN AiXia,LIN Wen,YU ShaoBo,WANG Qiang,FENG Yu,REN Jie,GAO ZhiQiang. Relationship Between Plant Dry Matter Accumulation, Translocation, Soil Water Consumption and Yield of High-Yielding Wheat Cultivars[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(17): 3467-3478.

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年份 Year	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)
2016-2017	13.15	42.12	17.52	209.46
2017-2018	12.35	43.61	18.21	212.06

年份 Year	品种 Cultivar	穗数 Ear number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grain number per ear	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)
2016-2017	烟农999 Yannong999	760.00a	33.43a	43.68c	9916.43a	24.76a
	山农29 Shannong29	715.45b	31.19b	47.24a	9502.36b	22.47b
	邯农1412 Hannong1412	701.25b	31.98b	44.55b	8982.47c	20.30d
	良星67 Liangxing67	652.75c	29.92c	43.12c	7234.28d	21.64c
2017-2018	烟农999 Yannong999	698.13a	38.95a	42.97b	9889.28a	24.27a
	山农29 Shannong29	615.94b	37.08b	44.07a	9315.04b	22.61b
	邯农1412 Hannong1412	603.75b	36.65b	42.27b	8861.88c	22.09b
	良星67 Liangxing67	564.97c	34.33c	40.81c	7401.75d	21.59c

年份 Year	品种 Cultivars	花前干物质量DMABA			花后干物质量DMAAA
年份 Year	品种 Cultivars	运转量TA (kg·hm^-2)	运转率 TR (%)	籽粒贡献率 CG (%)	积累量 AA (kg·hm^-2)	贡献率 CG (%)
2016-2017	烟农999 Yannong999	3874.58a	27.04a	39.07a	6041.85c	60.93d
	山农29 Shannong29	2374.08c	21.48c	24.94d	7128.28a	75.06a
	邯农1412 Hannong1412	2608.43b	25.66b	29.29c	6294.04b	70.71b
	良星67 Liangxing67	2252.35d	24.45b	31.75b	4831.93d	68.25c
2017-2018	烟农999 Yannong999	3934.94a	27.01a	40.59a	5759.34c	59.41c
	山农29 Shannong29	2146.97c	19.87d	23.04c	7168.07a	76.96a
	邯农1412 Hannong1412	2633.00b	25.16b	28.60b	6318.88b	71.40b
	良星67 Liangxing67	2124.88c	22.82c	29.10b	5176.87d	70.90b

品种 Cultivar	2016-2017		2017-2018
品种 Cultivar	总耗水量 TWC (mm)	单位耗水下的增产量 YIUPWC (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	总耗水量 TWC (mm)	单位耗水下的增产量 YIUPWC (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)
烟农999 Yannong999	400.56c	40.53a	407.62a	38.40a
山农29 Shannong29	423.03b	25.59b	412.09a	27.63b
邯农1412 Hannong1412	442.64a	16.15c	401.24a	25.01b
良星67 Liangxing67	364.38d	——	342.85b	——

高产小麦品种植株干物质积累运转、土壤耗水与产量的关系

Relationship Between Plant Dry Matter Accumulation, Translocation, Soil Water Consumption and Yield of High-Yielding Wheat Cultivars

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