新鲜和腐熟紫茎泽兰对三种茄科蔬菜生理和辣椒产量品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.05.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)广泛分布于中国西南地区，是一种入侵恶性毒草，生命力强，根、茎和种子皆可再生繁殖，不能直接还田。论文通过研究新鲜和腐熟紫茎泽兰对辣椒、番茄和茄子3种茄科蔬菜生理和辣椒产量品质的影响，为无害化处理与资源化利用提供技术支持。【方法】利用对紫茎泽兰毒性不敏感的铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas putita sp.）和高温纤维菌（Clostridium thermocellum sp.）混合菌剂，野外就地腐熟紫茎泽兰，培养试验以辣椒、番茄和茄子3种茄科蔬菜为材料，研究新鲜和腐熟紫茎泽兰浸提液对蔬菜种子发芽、幼苗生长、种子蛋白质、游离氨基酸、淀粉、可溶性糖、全磷和可溶性磷含量，以及幼苗硝酸还原酶活性、叶绿素和根系活力等的影响；田间试验以辣椒为对象，设置不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（CF）、化肥配施紫茎泽兰有机肥（50%化肥+50%紫茎泽兰有机肥，CF+OF）、单施紫茎泽兰有机肥（OF）4种施肥处理，研究紫茎泽兰有机肥对辣椒产量和品质的影响。【结果】在培养试验中，用新鲜紫茎泽兰浸提液（extract of fresh A. adenophora, EFA）浸种，随浓度提高，抑制蔬菜种子发芽和幼苗生长的作用增强；但在腐熟紫茎泽兰浸提液（extract of decomposed A. adenophora, EDA）的浸种处理中，蔬菜种子的发芽率和苗高分别比无菌水浸种提高2.48%—17.78%和51.28%—105.02%。随EFA浸种浓度的提高，显著提高了蔬菜种子中的蛋白质和淀粉含量，全磷含量无显著变化，游离氨基酸、可溶性糖和可溶性磷含量则相反；但用EDA浸种则不同程度地提高了蔬菜种子中游离氨基酸、可溶性糖和可溶性磷的含量。用100 mg·L^-1 EFA浸种，蔬菜幼苗的硝酸还原酶活性、叶绿素含量和根系活力依次分别比无菌水浸种降低了66.67%—73.17%、17.79%—80.57%和41.52%—61.15%；而相同浓度的EDA则显著提高了辣椒硝酸还原酶、叶绿素和根系活力，最大增幅依次为88.89%、73.61%和95.82%。因此，EFA抑制种子胚乳中的蛋白质、淀粉和肌醇磷酸盐水解，导致发芽率降低；EFA还降低了幼苗叶绿素含量、根系活力和硝酸还原酶活性，不益于光合作用、养分吸收、氮素同化和幼苗生长。相反，EDA促进了胚乳中的大分子物质水解，提高种子中可溶内含物含量，并使幼苗叶绿素含量、根系活力和硝酸还原酶活性提高。在田间试验中，辣椒产量为化肥配施紫茎泽兰有机肥＞单施紫茎泽兰有机肥»单施化肥＞不施肥，无机有机配施比单施化肥增产14.42%，无机有机配施辣椒品质也最佳，表现为果实中的游离氨基酸和维生素C最高，硝酸盐含量显著低于单施化肥。【结论】微生物腐熟可消除紫茎泽兰抑制种子发芽和幼苗生长的生理作用，化肥配施紫茎泽兰有机肥显著提高辣椒产量，改善果实品质，为当地的蔬菜种植提供有机肥源，实现紫茎泽兰的无害化处理与资源化利用。

关键词: 紫茎泽兰, 腐熟, 生理, 产量, 茄科蔬菜

Abstract: 【Objective】 Ageratina adenophora is a noxious invasive weed and widely spread in southwest China. This weed can’t be put into filed directly because of their strong vitality and reproduction by roots, stems, and seeds. The objective of this study is to research the effects of fresh and composted A. adenophora on physiology of three Solanaceae vegetables (Capsicum annuum, Solanum lycopersicom and Solanum melongena), and yield and quality of pepper in order to provide technical support for harmless treatment and resource utilization. 【Method】 A microbial inoculum made from Pseudomonas putita sp. and Clostridium thermocellum sp., the bacteria insensitive to the toxicity of A. adenophora, was used to compost this invasive plant materials in fields. Then pure culture experiment was conducted to study the effects of the extracts from both fresh and decomposed A. adenophora on seed germination, young seedling growth, seed inclusions (protein, free amino acid, starch, soluble sugar, total phosphorus, and soluble phosphorous), and some physiological indexes (nitrate reductase activity, chlorophyll concentration, and root activity) of young seedlings. In addition, a field experiment was carried out to investigate the yield and quality of pepper in the composted A. adenophora (OF, organic fertilizer) and inorganic fertilizer treatments (CK, without fertilizer; CF, chemical fertilizer; CF+OF, chemical fertilizer plus organic fertilizer).【Result】In the pure culture experiment, the inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth were intensified as the concentration of the extract from fresh A. adenophora (EFA) increased in contrast to the extract from composted A. adenophora (EDA) which behaved otherwise. The seed germination rate was increased by 2.48%-17.78% and seedling height by 51.28%-105.02% following seed treatment with EDA compared with sterile water. Simultaneously, the concentrations of protein and starch in seeds increased with EFA concentrations increased in seed soaking treatments, despite of no significant changes in total phosphorus. In the same case, however, the concentrations of free amino acid, soluble sugar, and soluble phosphorus decreased. Opposite effects was found on free amino acid, soluble sugar, and soluble phosphorous in seeds with EDA soaking treatment. Nitrate reductase activity was decreased by 66.67%-73.17%, chlorophyll by 17.79%-80.57%, and root activity by 41.52%-61.15% in the young seedlings which came from the seeds treated with 100 mg·L^-1 EFA compared with the sterile water. Providing same concentration of EDA to treat the seeds significantly increased these three physiological index values, with nitrate reductase activity showing 88.89% of maximum increment, followed chlorophyll concentration (73.61%), and root activity with 95.82%, respectively. Therefore, EFA inhibited significantly the hydrolysis of protein, starch and inositol phosphates in endosperm, resulting in low seed germination rate. The depression of chlorophyll concentration, root activity and nitrate reductase activity in seedlings by EFA could be unbeneficial to photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and nitrogen assimilation, which might lead to the inhibition of seedling growth. On the other hand, EDA promoted the hydrolysis of high molecular metabolites in endosperm, by which increased soluble inclusions in seeds, and also enhanced chlorophyll concentration, root activity and nitrate reductase activity in young seedlings. In the field experiment, the fruit yield of pepper changed in the sequence: CF+OF > CF ≈ OF > CK. The fruit yield of pepper received CF+OF was increased by 14.42% compared to CF. The best fruit quality was also obtained by supplying the pepper with CF+OF because of the highest free amino acids and vitamin C but lower nitrate. 【Conclusion】The composting A. adenophora with microbial inoculum eliminated the physiological inhibition of seed germination and young seedling growth produced by EFA. Application of composted A. adenophora in combination with chemical fertilizer increased pepper yield and improved the fruit quality. Composting A. adenophora realized harmless treatment and resource utilization, which provided an organic fertilizer resource for the local vegetables cultivation.

Key words: Ageratina adenophora;decompose, physiology, yield, Solanacea vegetables

焦玉洁，桑宇杰，杨磊，王亚麒，吴叶宽，杜如万，袁玲. 新鲜和腐熟紫茎泽兰对三种茄科蔬菜生理和辣椒产量品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(5): 874-884.

JIAO Yu-jie, SANG Yu-jie, YANG Lei, WANG Ya-qi, WU Ye-kuan, DU Ru-wan, YUAN Ling. Effects of Fresh and Composted Ageratina adenophora on Physiology of Three Solanaceae Vegetables and Yield and Quality of Pepper[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(5): 874-884.

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