渭北旱塬麦田保护性轮耕方式的产量和土壤水分效应长周期模拟研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.14.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】渭北旱塬是中国北方典型雨养旱作农区，干旱缺水是当地粮食生产主要限制因素，降水偏少且季节分布不均，制约着旱地冬小麦生长及发育，导致其产量低而不稳。研究旨在探索长周期下渭北旱塬连作冬小麦区在不同轮耕措施下麦田的土壤蓄水保墒和作物增产效应。【方法】在模拟精度验证基础上，应用WinEPIC模型长周期定量模拟研究了1980—2009年渭北旱塬连作麦田连续翻耕、免耕/深松轮耕、翻耕/深松轮耕、免耕/免耕/深松轮耕和免耕/翻耕/深松轮耕不同保护性轮耕方式下冬小麦产量和土壤水分效应。【结果】在30年模拟研究期间，随着降水量的逐年趋势性减少，不同轮耕方式下渭北旱塬冬小麦产量、年度耗水量以及水分利用效率均呈现波动性下降趋势；免耕/深松、翻耕/深松、免耕/免耕/深松和免耕/翻耕/深松轮耕处理产量较连续翻耕处理分别高14.4%、12.2%、2.4%和3.2%，以免耕/深松轮耕处理产量最高，30年平均值为3.53 t×hm^-2；免耕/深松、翻耕/深松、免耕/免耕/深松和免耕/翻耕/深松轮耕处理水分利用效率较连续翻耕处理分别高6.36%、6.13%、6.40%和6.41%，以免耕/免耕/深松轮耕和免耕/翻耕/深松轮耕处理水分利用效率最好，30年平均值为8.68 kg×hm^-2×mm^-1；与连续翻耕处理相比，干旱年型免耕/深松、翻耕/深松、免耕/免耕/深松耕和免耕/翻耕/深松轮耕处理耗水量明显增加，平水年型和丰水年型各耕作处理间耗水量差异不显著，以免耕/深松轮耕处理麦田耗水量高于其他轮耕方式。冬小麦田0—3 m土层土壤有效含水量呈现季节性波动降低趋势；与连续翻耕处理相比，免耕/深松轮耕、翻耕/深松轮耕、免耕/免耕/深松轮耕和免耕/翻耕/深松轮耕处理麦田土壤有效含水量分别高28.7%、27.2%、26.8%和26.7%；免耕/深松轮耕处理蓄水保墒效果最好，0—3 m土层土壤有效含水量平均为107.1 mm，翻耕/深松轮耕和免耕/翻耕/深松轮耕次之，连续翻耕最差。麦田0—1 m土层土壤湿度随季节降水而上下波动性变化，在降水较多或者较为干旱的年份1—1.5 m土层土壤湿度也会发生变化，1.5—3 m土层土壤湿度较为稳定，不同轮耕处理间差异不大；免耕/深松轮耕土层土壤湿度较其他耕作处理稍高。【结论】与连续翻耕处理相比，翻耕/深松产量和土壤蓄水保墒效果较好，但水分利用效率稍低。免耕/免耕/深松和免耕/翻耕/深松轮耕处理水分利用效率和土壤蓄水保墒效果较好，但产量较低。综合考虑麦田产量和水分利用效率以及土壤蓄水保墒效果，在长期连作冬小麦田，免耕/深松轮耕处理为渭北旱塬麦田最适宜保护性轮耕模式。

关键词: 渭北旱塬, 冬小麦, 保护性轮耕, WinEPIC模型, 土壤水分, 产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract: 【Objective】Weibei Highland is a typical rainfed agricultural zone in Northern China, so water shortage is the main factor limiting grain production. Along with the shortage and uneven seasonal distribution of annual rainfall, the growth and development of winter wheat constrains that cause low and unstable yield. The aim of this article is to explore the effects of different rotation tillage patterns on soil water conservation and yield increase in continuous winter wheat region under the long-period in Weibei Highland.【Method】Based on model validation, the WinEPIC model was used to simulate crop yield and soil moisture effects of continuous planting winter wheat field under different tillage rotation treatments (CT (continuous conventional tillage), NT/ST (no tillage/sub-soiling rotation), CT/ST (conventional tillage/sub-soiling rotation), NT/NT/ST (no tillage/no tillage/sub-soiling rotation), NT/CT/ST (no tillage/conventional tillage/sub-soiling rotation)) on Weibei Highland during 1980-2009.【Result】As the gradual decrease of annual precipitations during the simulation period, the simulated wheat yield, WUE (water use efficiency) and water consumption in growth season of winter wheat decreased with fluctuation. The average wheat yield of NT/ST, CT/ST, NT/NT/ST and NT/CT/ST treatments compared to CT treatment increased by 14.4%, 12.2%, 2.4% and 3.2%, respectively, the average wheat yield of no tillage/sub-soiling rotation treatment was the highest, which was 3.53 t×hm^-2. Compared to CT, WUE of NT/ST, CT/ST, NT/NT/ST and NT/CT/ST treatments treatment increased by 6.36%, 6.13%, 6.40% and 6.41%, WUE of NT/NT/ST treatment and NT/CT/ST treatment was better than others, which was 8.68 kg×hm^-2×mm^-1. Compared with CT, the water consumption in the winter wheat growth season of NT/ST, CT/ST, NT/NT/ST and NT/CT/ST treatments increased obviously in the dry year; the difference among them was not significant in the normal rainfall and rainy years. The water consumption in growing season of NT/ST treatment was higher than the other rotation tillage treatments. The monthly available soil water amount in 0-3 m soil layers of winter wheat field showed a seasonal decreasing trend during the simulation period and fluctuated obviously with the seasons, the average available soil water of NT/ST, CT/ST, NT/NT/ST and NT/CT/ST treatments was 28.7%, 27.2%, 26.8% and 26.7% higher than CT treatment, respectively. The water conservation effect of NT/ST treatment was the best, average available soil water in 0-3 m soil layers was 107.1 mm, CT/ST treatment and NT/CT/ST treatment were the second, the last one was continuous conventional tillage treatment. The soil moisture in 0-1 m soil layers changed with the fluctuation of precipitation in wheat field, it also changed in 1-1.5 m in rainy or dry year which was more stable in 1.5-3 m, the difference among different tillage rotation treatments was not significant, and the effect of NT/ST treatment was the best. 【Conclusion】Compared with CT, the yield and effect of water preservation of CT/ST treatment were higher, but the WUE was slightly lower. The WUE and effect of water preservation of NT/NT/ST and NT/CT/ST treatment were higher, but the yield was lower. Considering the yield, WUE and effect of water preservation of the winter wheat field, NT/ST rotation treatment is the most reasonable conservation rotation in long-term continuous winter wheat cropping system on Weibei Highland.

Key words: Weibei Highland, winter wheat, conservation tillage rotation, WinEPIC model, soil water, yield, water use efficiency

张玉娇，李军，郭正，岳志芳. 渭北旱塬麦田保护性轮耕方式的产量和土壤水分效应长周期模拟研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(14): 2730-2746.

ZHANG Yu-jiao, LI Jun, GUO Zheng, YUE Zhi-fang. Long-Term Simulation of Winter Wheat Yield and Soil Water Response to Conservation Tillage Rotation in Weibei Highland[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(14): 2730-2746.

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