水氮互作对花生根系生长及产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.05.05

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】明确不同水分处理下氮肥对不同抗旱性品种根系生长及产量的影响，探讨花生根系对水分和氮肥的反应机理，为花生水肥管理提供理论依据。【方法】防雨棚旱池内进行土柱栽培试验，在中度干旱胁迫（W0，45%—50%田间持水量）和充足灌水（W1，70%—75%田间持水量）两个水分处理下设置N0（不施氮）、N1（中氮，90 kg×hm^-2)、N2（高氮，180 kg×hm^-2) 3个施氮水平，研究抗旱型品种花育22号和干旱敏感型品种花育23号2个不同抗旱性花生品种根系生物量、根长、根系表面积、根系伤流量及产量变化。分别采集0—20 cm、20—40 cm和40 cm以下土层根系样品，采用WinRhizo Pro Vision 5.0a分析程序对扫描根系图像进行分析。【结果】不同抗旱性花生品种根系发育在不同水分条件下对施用氮肥的响应不同。对于抗旱型花生品种花育22号，与不施氮肥相比，干旱胁迫处理下施用氮肥降低其总根长、总根系表面积和0—20 cm土层内根长和根系表面积，增加了40 cm以下土层内根系生物量、根长和根系表面积；正常供水处理下施用氮肥处理降低其0—20 cm土层内根系生物量、根长和根系表面积，但增加40 cm以下土层内根系性状。干旱敏感型品种花育23号的根系对水分和氮肥的响应与抗旱型品种花育22号不同：干旱胁迫处理下，施用氮肥增加其总根系生物量和总根长和40 cm以下土层内根系生物量、根长和根系表面积；正常供水处理下，施用氮肥降低其40 cm以下土层内根长和根系表面积。不同抗旱性花生品种根系伤流强度对水氮互作的响应一致，与正常供水处理相比，两品种干旱胁迫下根系伤流强度均降低，干旱敏感型品种花育23号的降低幅度大于抗旱型品种花育22号。施用氮肥增加两品种干旱胁迫处理下的根系伤流强度，提高其干旱胁迫下产量；正常供水处理下中氮处理增加抗旱型品种花育22号的产量，对干旱敏感型品种花育23号的产量无显著影响。两年试验条件下水分和氮肥处理对产量的互作效应均达显著差异水平。相关性分析表明，干旱胁迫处理下40 cm以下土层内根长、根系表面积与产量间的相关性达显著或极显著水平；正常供水处理下20—40 cm土层内根系表面积与产量达显著相关；两种水分条件下根系伤流量均与产量达显著相关水平。【结论】干旱胁迫处理下增施氮肥能提高花生产量，改善花生根系的生长，增加40 cm以下土层内的根系生物量、根长和根系表面积，提高花生根系伤流强度。

关键词: 花生, 根系, 水氮互作, 产量, 土层

Abstract: 【【Objective】The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on root growth and yield of peanut varieties differing in drought tolerance under different water conditions and to provide a theoretical basis for the management of water and fertilizer in peanut.【Method】The drought-resistant variety Huayu 22 and drought-sensitive variety Huayu 23 were planted in the anti-canopy tanks using the soil column. The soil water condition had two levels: well-watered conditions (W1) and medium drought (W0) (corresponding soil water contents are 70%-75% and 45%-50% of field capacity, respectively). The nitrogen had three levels: no nitrogen (N0), moderate nitrogen (N1, 90 kg×hm^-2) and high nitrogen ((N2, 180 kg×hm^-2). The root morphological characters, root exudates and yield of peanut were investigated under different treatments. Root samples were collected from 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and below 40 cm soil layers, respectively. Root length, root surface area and volume were determined by a scanner and analyzed by WinRhizo Pro Vision 5.0a software. 【Result】 The effects of nitrogen application on root development of peanut varieties with different drought resistance were different under different water conditions. Compared with no nitrogen fertilizer, the total root length, total root surface area and the root length and root surface area in 0-20 cm soil layer of Huayu 22 (drought resistant peanut variety) were decreased by application of nitrogen fertilizer under drought stress, while the root biomass, root length and root surface area in the soil layers below 40 cm were increased. The nitrogen fertilizer treatment decreased root biomass, root length and root surface area in 0-20 cm soil layer of Huayu 22 under well-watered conditions, and the root system traits in the soil layer below 40 cm were increased. The root response of Huayu 23 (drought sensitive peanut variety) to water and nitrogen treatment was different from Huayu 22. The total root biomass, total root length, root length and root surface area in the soil layer below 40 cm of Huayu 23 were increased by application of nitrogen fertilizer under drought stress, while the root length and root surface area in the soil layer below 40 cm were decreased under well-watered conditions. The response of root exudates to water and nitrogen in different peanut varieties were consistent. Furthermore, the root exudates of two peanut varieties were decreased under drought stress, and the decreased amplitude of Huayu 23 was larger. Compared with no nitrogen fertilizer, application of nitrogen fertilizer increased root exudates in both peanut varieties under drought stress. The peanut yield of both varieties were increased by application of nitrogen fertilizer under drought stress. The yield of Huayu 22 was increased by application of nitrogen under well-watered condition, however, no significant difference was observed for Huayu 23. And the effects of water and nitrogen interaction on peanut yield were at the significance level in two years. The correlation coefficient between root length and root surface area in the soil layer below 40 cm with yield reached the significance or extremely significant level under drought stress. Under well-watered condition the yield was significantly correlated with the root surface area in 20-40 cm soil layer. The correlation coefficient between root exudates and yield were significant under drought stress and well-watered conditions.【Conclusion】Under drought stress, the root biomass, root length and root surface area of peanut in the soil layer below 40 cm, and root exudates increased by applying nitrogen fertilization. Moreover, root growth was well improved, and that the peanut yield increased simultaneously.

Key words: peanut, root, water and nitrogen interaction, yield, soil layer

丁红，张智猛，戴良香，杨吉顺，慈敦伟，秦斐斐，宋文武，万书波. 水氮互作对花生根系生长及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(5): 872-881.

DING Hong, ZHANG Zhi-meng, DAI Liang-xiang, YANG Ji-shun, CI Dun-wei, QIN Fei-fei, SONG Wen-wu, WAN Shu-bo. Effects of Water and Nitrogen Interaction on Peanut Root Growth and Yield[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(5): 872-881.

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