连续秸秆覆盖对土壤无机氮供应特征和作物产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.09.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】采用田间定位试验研究方法，于2008—2010年研究了水旱轮作制下连续秸秆覆盖对土壤无机氮供应特征和作物产量的影响。【结果】连续秸秆覆盖还田可以显著提高0—5 cm、5—15 cm和15—25 cm土层土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N含量，并且随着秸秆覆盖还田年限的延长和用量的提高，3个土层土壤的NH4+-N、NO3--N含量的增幅也随之增加。第5季水稻收获后，秸秆覆盖处理NH4＋-N、NO3--N含量的增幅分别达到了18.83%—36.70%和12.04%—37.70%。秸秆覆盖还田使水稻生育前期土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N含量降低，有利于减少NO3--N的淋失。而后期氮素得到释放满足作物生殖生长的需要，则有利于作物产量的提高。秸秆覆盖还田后，可以提高作物产量。其中旱季作物（小麦、油菜）的增产效应要高于水稻，并且作物的增产幅度随着秸秆还田年限和用量的增加而提高。起主要作用的产量构成因素是小麦、水稻的有效穗数以及油菜单株角果数和每角粒数。【结论】连续秸秆覆盖还田促进了土壤无机氮的供应，从而提高了作物产量。

关键词: 连续秸秆覆盖, 土壤无机氮, 供应特征, 产量

Abstract: 【Objective】A long-term (2008-2010) experiment was conducted to study the effects of straw mulching on supply characteristics of soil inorganic nitrogen and crop yields. 【Method】Five treatments including no straw mulching (control), half rape straw mulching, total rape straw mulching, half wheat straw mulching, and total wheat straw mulching were designed. 【Result】At 0-5 cm, 5-15 cm and 15-25 cm soil layers, compared to no straw mulching treatment, the contents of soil NH4+-N and NO3--N increased significantly with straw mulching treatment. With the prolongation of the time of mulching and the rate of straw, the soil NH4+-N and NO3--N content increased. After harvest of the fifth season rice, the soil NH4+-N and NO3--N content of straw mulching treatment were higher than that of no straw mulching treatment by 18.83%-36.70% and 12.04%-37.70%, respectively. Straw mulching reduced the contents of NH4+-N and NO3--N, and also could decrease the soil NO3--N leaching during rice earlier growth stage, which promoted the crop reproductive growth at the later growth stages and then increased crop yield. The results also indicated that straw mulching increased crop yield, and the increase of wheat and rapeseed was higher than rice. With the time of straw mulching and the amount of straw increasing, the crop yield also improved. The key components of the yield were effective panicles of wheat and rice, pod number and seed per pod of rapeseed. 【Conclusion】Continuous straw mulching improved soil NH4+-N and NO3--N content at 0-25cm layer and then increased crop yield.

Key words: straw mulching, inorganic nitrogen, supply characteristic, crop yield

武际, 郭熙盛, 鲁剑巍, 王允青, 张晓玲, 许征宇. 连续秸秆覆盖对土壤无机氮供应特征和作物产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45(9): 1741-1749.

WU Ji, GUO Xi-Sheng, LU Jian-Wei, WANG Yun-Qing, ZHANG Xiao-Ling, XU Zheng-Yu. Effects of Continuous Straw Mulching on Supply Characteristics of Soil Inorganic Nitrogen and Crop Yields[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2012, 45(9): 1741-1749.

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