迟播早熟高产小麦新品种的培育

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.14.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究小麦品种（系）播种-拔节和开花-成熟2个阶段发育特性,探讨在育种中聚合两端快速发育特性的可能性,为长江中下游麦区选育迟播早熟高产品种提供依据。【方法】在2012—2013和2013—2014年,通过比较共计18个小麦新品系及生产上部分推广品种的冬前及越冬期单株叶片数、茎蘖数,籽粒灌浆特性相关指标等,筛选具有两端快速发育特性的品种（系）;2014—2015年,在适期播种（11月5日）和迟播（11月19日）条件下,研究扬麦16和其他4个品种不同生育时期群体结构（茎蘖数、叶面积指数、干物质积累量）和产量及其构成的差异,分析具有两端快速发育特性品种扬麦16迟播高产的生长发育机理。【结果】2012—2013年,富F101冬前及越冬期叶片数、茎蘖数均较高,显著高于镇10216,具有前端快速发育特征,但后期灌浆速率较慢;宁09-118和镇10216最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率较高,灌浆持续时间长,粒重显著高于其他品种,具有后端快速发育特征,但前期生长发育较慢。2013—2014年,富F101冬前及越冬期茎蘖数均表现较高,镇10216最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率均最高,理论粒重最大,2个品系继续分别表现出前端和后端快速发育特性;扬麦16冬前茎蘖数高于富F101,越冬期茎蘖数与富F101无显著差异;后期最大灌浆速率大于2.0 mg/(粒·d),与镇10216差异不显著,且平均灌浆速率较高,较好地结合了两端快速发育的特性。2014—2015年,迟播条件下,扬麦16越冬期茎蘖数、叶面积指数及干物质积累量均表现最大,显著高于宁麦13;在适期播种条件下,扬麦16产量低于扬麦22,与扬麦20、扬麦23和宁麦13差异不显著,但在迟播条件下产量显著高于扬麦20、宁麦13,与扬麦22、扬麦23无显著差异,与适期播种相比减产幅度最小,减产5.2%,千粒重高而稳定,达40 g以上。【结论】品种间两端快速发育特性存在显著差异,结合两端快速发育特性的品种能够实现迟播高产,同时保证适期播种取得较高产量。扬麦16冬前生长发育快,越冬期能保持一定生长量及分蘖发生量;快速灌浆持续时间长,平均灌浆速率、峰值灌浆速率大,粒重高;迟播早熟高产,这是其大面积推广的重要原因。

关键词: 小麦, 育种, 迟播, 早熟, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】The objectives of this study were to investigate the growth characteristics during the period from sowing to elongation and from anthesis to maturity in wheat cultivars (varieties), and to explore the possibility of breeding new cultivars with the feature of rapid growth at both early and late stages to achieve high yield and early maturity under late sowing condition in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river. 【Method】 In the seasons of 2012-2013 and 2013-2014, experiments were conducted to compare leaf number, stem and tiller number and the parameters of grain filling among 18 new wheat lines and cultivars for screening the cultivar with rapid development at both early and late growth stages. In the season of 2014-2015, the differences of stem and tiller number, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation, yield and yield components were analyzed among Yangmai 16 and other 4 cultivars under the conditions of the normal (5th Nov.) and late (19th Nov.) sowing time to clarify the growth mechanics of high-yield about Yangmai 16 with rapid development at both early and late growth stages under late-sowing treatment.【Result】 Fu F101 showed a rapid development at early growth stage with a significantly higher number of leaves and tillers (before winter and during winter period) than Zhen 10216 in the 2012-2013, Ning 09-118 and Zhen 10216 had longer grain filling and rapid development at late growth stage with higher maximum grain filling rate (G_max) and mean grain filling rate (G_mean) thus higher grain weight than other cultivars. The 2013-2014 trial showed similar results with Fu F101 performing rapid development at early stage and Zhen 10216 at late stage. Yangmai 16 produced even more tillers than Fu F101 before winter and similar tillers to Fu F101 during winter period. Meanwhile, both G_mean and G_max of Yangmai 16 were similar to Zhen 10216 with G_max being more than 2.0 mg/(grain·d). LAI, stem and tiller number and dry matter accumulation of Yangmai 16 in winter period were significantly higher than Ningmai 13 and other cultivars. In 2014-2015 trial, the yield of Yangmai 16 was lower than Yangmai 22 and similar to Yangmai 20, Yangmai 23 and Ningmai 13 under normal sowing time. However, under late sowing, the yield of Yangmai 16 was significantly higher than Yangmai 20 and Ningmai 13 and had the lowest yield reduction (5.2%) compared to other cultivars.【Conclusion】Significant differences were found among varieties in the rate of development at early and late growth stages. The rapid development at both early and late stages of Yangmai 16 makes it an excellent variety with not only a reasonable yield under normal sowing date but minimum yield reduction under late sowing. In summary, rapid development at both early and late stages can be used as a key criterion for selecting wheat varieties suitable for late sowing.

Key words: wheat, breeding, late sowing, early maturing, grain yield

高德荣,王慧,刘巧,朱冬梅,张晓,吕国锋,张晓祥,江伟,李曼. 迟播早熟高产小麦新品种的培育[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(14): 2379-2390.

GAO DeRong,WANG Hui,LIU Qiao,ZHU DongMei,ZHANG Xiao,LÜ GuoFeng,ZHANG XiaoXiang,JIANG Wei,LI Man. Breeding of New Wheat Varieties with Early Maturity and High Yield Under Late Sowing[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(14): 2379-2390.

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品系 Variety	冬前Pre-wintering		越冬期Wintering stage
品系 Variety	单株叶片数 Leaf number per plant	单株茎蘖数 Stem and tiller number per plant	单株叶片数 Leaf number per plant	单株茎蘖数 Stem and tiller number per plant
华麦鉴3 Huamai J3	3.4ab	1.3b	4.4ab	2.7ab
宁09-118 Ning 09-118	3.3abc	1.8ab	4.2abc	2.8a
宁0944 Ning 0944	3.4ab	1.5ab	4.3abc	2.9a
金麦1号 Jinmai 1	3.5a	1.5ab	4.5a	2.0c
扬09-111 Yang 09-111	3.2abc	1.3b	4.0bc	2.4abc
宁09-72 Ning 09-72	3.4ab	1.6ab	4.3abc	2.3abc
扬09G143 Yang 09G143	3.2abc	1.2b	4.1abc	2.1bc
镇10216 Zhen 10216	3.0c	1.2b	3.8c	2.0c
宁丰526 NF 526	3.1bc	1.3b	4.0bc	2.0c
富F101 Fu F101	3.5a	2.1a	4.3abc	2.7ab
宁0898 Ning 0898	3.4ab	1.7ab	4.1abc	2.5abc
扬09-130 Yang 09-130	3.2abc	1.6ab	4.0bc	2.5abc
华麦0480 Huamai 0480	3.4ab	1.5ab	4.2abc	2.6abc
扬麦11 Yangmai 11	3.4ab	1.7ab	4.2abc	2.7ab

品种 Cultivar	单株茎蘖数 Stem and tiller number per plant
品种 Cultivar	冬前 Pre-wintering	越冬期 Wintering stage
扬09G143 Yang 09G143	2.3c	4.0ab
镇10216 Zhen 10216	2.4bc	3.8b
富F101 Fu F101	2.8ab	4.6a
扬麦15 Yangmai 15	2.4bc	3.9ab
扬麦158 Yangmai 158	2.6abc	4.1ab
扬麦11 Yangmai 11	2.6abc	4.3ab
宁麦13 Ningmai 13	2.7abc	4.5a
扬麦16 Yangmai 16	3.0a	4.5a

品系 Variety	R²	K	A	B	C₀	R_max	R_mean	R1	R2	R3	T	T_max
华麦鉴3 Huamai J3	0.997	45.2b	4.42	-0.21	0.51	2.22abc	1.17abc	0.60a	1.94abc	0.82abc	36.1abc	21.0ab
宁09-118 Ning 09-118	0.992	44.1bc	4.79	-0.24	0.37	2.65a	1.33a	0.65a	2.33a	0.98a	33.1cd	19.9b
宁0944 Ning 0944	0.999	39.4cde	4.47	-0.21	0.45	2.01abc	1.05cd	0.54a	1.76abc	0.74abc	37.6ab	21.9ab
金麦1号 Jinmai 1	0.994	31.7f	3.59	-0.21	0.90	1.63c	0.96d	0.61a	1.43c	0.60c	31.4d	17.5c
扬09-111 Yang 09-111	0.996	35.8ef	3.99	-0.22	0.78	1.91bc	1.07cd	0.53a	1.67bc	0.71bc	33.6bcd	16.9c
宁09-72 Ning 09-72	0.999	40.5bcde	4.03	-0.19	0.71	1.92bc	1.07cd	0.60a	1.68bc	0.71bc	38.1a	21.3ab
扬09G143 Yang 09G143	0.997	40.2bcde	3.97	-0.18	0.74	1.82bc	1.02cd	0.58a	1.59bc	0.67bc	39.7a	22.0ab
镇10216 Zhen 10216	0.996	51.2a	4.21	-0.19	0.76	2.38ab	1.30ab	0.70a	2.09ab	0.88ab	39.7a	22.6a
宁丰526 NF 526	0.997	42.9bc	4.62	-0.22	0.47	2.30ab	1.18abc	0.59a	2.02ab	0.85ab	39.0a	21.6ab
富F101 Fu F101	0.996	42.7bcd	4.37	-0.20	0.56	2.11abc	1.12bcd	0.58a	1.85abc	0.78abc	38.4a	22.2a
宁0898 Ning 0898	0.991	40.6bcde	3.88	-0.21	0.87	1.99abc	1.13bcd	0.59a	1.75bc	0.73abc	36.1abc	20.9ab
扬09-130 Yang 09-130	0.999	37.4de	4.04	-0.19	0.66	1.74bc	0.97d	0.54a	1.52bc	0.64bc	36.9abc	21.8ab
华麦0480 Huamai 0480	0.997	43.3bc	4.63	-0.22	0.42	2.32ab	1.19abc	0.59a	2.04ab	0.86ab	36.5abc	21.6ab
扬麦11 Yangmai 11	0.998	45.2b	4.18	-0.20	0.69	2.17abc	1.18abc	0.64a	1.91abc	0.80abc	38.3a	21.8ab

品种Cultivar	R²	K	A	B	C₀	R_max	R_mean	R1	R2	R3	T	T_max
扬09G143 Yang 09G143	0.998	41.4c	3.89	-0.17	0.83	1.76c	1.00e	0.58e	1.54c	0.65d	41.6bc	22.9b
镇10216 Zhen 10216	0.997	60.8a	3.85	-0.15	1.28	2.33a	1.33a	0.78a	2.04a	0.86a	45.9a	25.1a
富F101 Fu F101	0.999	48.9b	3.71	-0.16	1.18	1.90bc	1.10bcde	0.68bc	1.66bc	0.70bcd	44.4abc	23.9ab
扬麦11 Yangmai 11	0.998	49.7b	3.88	-0.17	1.01	2.12ab	1.20b	0.70b	1.86ab	0.78abc	41.5bc	22.8b
扬麦15 Yangmai 15	0.998	48.7b	3.82	-0.16	1.05	1.89bc	1.08cde	0.64cd	1.66bc	0.70cd	45.1ab	24.6ab
扬麦16 Yangmai 16	0.997	49.5b	4.18	-0.18	0.73	2.17a	1.18bc	0.64cd	1.90a	0.80ab	40.4c	22.9b
扬麦158 Yangmai 158	0.998	49.7b	4.00	-0.17	0.90	2.09ab	1.16bcd	0.66bc	1.83ab	0.77abc	42.7abc	23.8ab
宁麦13 Ningmai 13	0.998	45.2bc	3.98	-0.17	0.84	1.89bc	1.06de	0.60de	1.65bc	0.69cd	42.9abc	23.9ab

年份 Year	粒重Grain weight	R_max	R_mean	R1	R2	R3	T	T_max	K
2012—2013	理论值Theoretical	0.79**	0.83**	0.69**	0.79**	0.79**	0.62*	0.68**	-
2012—2013	实际值Observed	0.84**	0.89**	0.71**	0.84**	0.84**	0.55*	0.62*	0.991**
2013—2014	理论值Theoretical	0.88**	0.94**	0.95**	0.88**	0.88**	0.65	0.65	-
2013—2014	实际值Observed	0.84**	0.93**	0.98**	0.84**	0.85**	0.60	0.64	0.989**