Abalos D, Jeffery S, Sanz-Cobena A, Guardia G, Vallejo A. 2014. Meta-analysis of the effect of urease and nitrification inhibitors on crop productivity and nitrogen use efficiency. Agriculture Ecosystem Environment, 189, 136–144.

Adviento-Borbe M, Linquist B. 2016. Assessing fertilizer n placement on CH4 and N2O emissions in irrigated rice systems. Geoderma, 266, 40–45.

Ahmad I, Kamran M, Yang X, Meng X, Ali S, Ahmad S, Zhang X, Bilegjargal B, Ahmad B, Liu T, Cai T, Han Q. 2019. Effects of applying uniconazole alone or combined with manganese on the photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant defense system, and yield in wheat in semiarid regions. Agricultural Water Management, 216, 400–414.

Ansari T, Yamamoto Y, Yoshida T, Sakagami K, Miyazaki A. 2004. Relation between bleeding rate during panicle formation stage and sink size in rice plant. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 50, 57–66.

Azam F, Müller C, Weiske A, Benckiser G, Ottow J. 2002. Nitrification and denitrification as sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide - role of oxidizable carbon and applied nitrogen. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 35, 54–61.

Bai B, Jin J, Bai S, Huang L. 1994. Improvement of TTC method determining root activity in corn. Maize Science, 4, 44–47. (in Chinese)

Bautista E, Koike M, Suministrado D. 2001. Mechanical deep placement of nitrogen in wetland rice. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 78, 333–346.

Bhuiyan M, Rahman A, Loladze I, Das S, Kim P. 2023. Subsurface fertilization boosts crop yields and lowers greenhouse gas emissions: A global meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 876, 162712.

Blackshaw R, Semach G, Janzen H. 2002. Fertilizer application method affects nitrogen uptake in weeds and wheat. Weed Science, 50, 634–641.

Bodelier P, Roslev P, Henckel T, Frenzel P. 2000. Stimulation by ammonium-based fertilizers of methane oxidation in soil around rice roots. Nature, 403, 421–424.

Bozkurt S, Mansuroglu G S. 2018. Responses of unheated greenhouse grown green bean to buried drip tape placement depth and watering levels. Agricultural Water Management, 197, 1–8.

Bryant S, Dhillon J, Wehmeyer G, Raun W. 2020. Wheat grain yield and nitrogen uptake as influenced by fertilizer placement depth. Agriculture Geoscience Environment, 3, e20025.

Butterbach-Bahl K, Baggs E, Dannenmann M, Kiese R, Zechmeister-Boltenstern S. 2013. Nitrous oxide emissions from soils: How well do we understand the processes and their controls? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (B: Biological Science), 368, 20130122.

Cai G, Chen D, Ding H, Pacholski A, Fan X, Zhu Z. 2002. Nitrogen losses from fertilizers applied to maize, wheat and rice in the North China Plain. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 63, 187–195.

Can Z, Huang H, Qian Z, Jiang H, Liu G, Xu K, Hu Y, Dai Q, Huo Z. 2021. Effect of side deep placement of nitrogen on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of single season late japonica rice. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20, 1487–1502.

Cao Y, Tian Y, Yin B, Zhu Z. 2013. Assessment of ammonia volatilization from paddy fields under crop management practices aimed to increase grain yield and N efficiency. Field Crops Research, 147, 23–31.

Cao Z, De Datta S, Fillery I. 1984. Effect of placement methods on floodwater properties and recovery of applied nitrogen (15N-labeled urea) in wetland rice. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 48, 196–203.

Cassman K, Dobermann A, Walters D. 2002. Agroecosystems, nitrogen-use efficiency, and nitrogen management. Ambio, 31, 132–140.

Chaparro J, Badri D, Vivanco J. 2014. Rhizosphere microbiome assemblage is affected by plant development. The ISME Journal, 8, 790–803.

Chassot A, Stamp P, Richner W. 2001. Root distribution and morphology of maize seedlings as affected by tillage and fertilizer placement. Plant and Soil, 231, 123–135.

Chatterjee D, Mohanty S, Guru P, Swain C, Tripathi R, Shahid M, Kumar U, Kumar A, Bhattacharyya P, Gautam P, Lal B, Dash P, Nayak A. 2018. Comparative assessment of urea briquette applicators on greenhouse gas emission, nitrogen loss and soil enzymatic activities in tropical lowland rice. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 252, 178–190.

Chaudhary M, Prihar S. 1974. Comparison of banded and broadcast fertilizer applications in relation to compaction and irrigation in maize and wheat. Agronomy Journal, 66, 560–564.

Chen G, Cai T, Wang J, Wang Y, Ren L, Wu P, Zhang P, Jia Z. 2022a. Suitable fertilizer application depth enhances the efficient utilization of key resources and improves crop productivity in rainfed farmland on the Loess Plateau, China. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 900352.

Chen G, Ren L, Wang J, Liu F, Liu G, Li H, Zhang P, Jia Z. 2022b. Optimizing fertilization depth can promote sustainable development of dryland agriculture in the Loess Plateau region of China by improving crop production and reducing gas emissions. Plant and Soil, 49, 73–89.

Chen G, Wu P, Wang J, Zhou Y, Ren L, Cai T, Zhang P, Jia Z. 2023. How do different fertilization depths affect the growth, yield, and nitrogen use efficiency in rain-fed summer maize? Field Crops Research, 290, 108759.

Chen H, Gao L, Li M, Liao Y, Liao Q. 2023. Fertilization depth effect on mechanized direct-seeded winter rapeseed yield and fertilizer use efficiency. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 103, 2574–2584.

Chen H, Liao Q, Liao Y. 2021. Response of area- and yield-scaled N2O emissions from croplands to deep fertilization: A meta-analysis of soil, climate, and management factors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 101, 4653–4661.

Chen Y, Fan P, Mo Z, Kong L, Tian H, Duan M, Li L, Wu L, Wang Z, Tang X, Pan S. 2021. Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer affects grain yield, nitrogen recovery efficiency, and root characteristics in direct-seeded rice in South China. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 40, 379–387.

Chen Z, Wang H, Liu X, Liu Y, Gao S, Zhou J. 2016. The effect of N fertilizer placement on the fate of urea-15N and yield of winter wheat in Southeast China. PLoS ONE, 11, e153701.

Cheng Y, Wang H, Liu P, Dong S, Zhang J, Zhao B, Ren B. 2020. Nitrogen placement at sowing affects root growth, grain yield formation, NUE efficiency in maize. Plant and Soil, 457, 355–373.

Christianson C, Baethgen W, Carmona G, Howard R. 1993. Microsite reactions of urea-nBTPT fertilizer on the soil surface. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 25, 1107–1117.

Clough T, Jarvis S, Dixon E, Stevens R, Laughlin R, Hatch D. 1998. Carbon induced subsoil denitrification of 15N-labelled nitrate in 1 m deep soil columns. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 31, 31–41.

Coskun D, Britto D, Shi W, Kronzucker H. 2017. Nitrogen transformations in modern agriculture and the role of biological nitrification inhibition. Nature Plants, 3, 1–10.

Crews T, Peoples M. 2005. Can the synchrony of nitrogen supply and crop demand be improved in legume and fertilizer-based agroecosystems? A review. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 72, 101–120.

Cui Z, Chen X, Zhang F. 2010. Current nitrogen management status and measures to improve the intensive wheat–maize system in China. Ambio, 39, 376–384.

Cui Z, Zhang F, Chen X, Miao Y, Li J, Shi L, Xu J, Ye Y, Liu C, Yang Z. 2008. On-farm evaluation of an in-season nitrogen management strategy based on soil Nmin test. Field Crops Research, 105, 48–55.

Dai J, Wang Z, Li M, He G, Li Q, Gao H, Wang S, Gao Y, Hui X. 2016. Winter wheat grain yield and summer nitrate leaching: Long-term effects of nitrogen and phosphorus rates on the Loess Plateau of China. Field Crops Research, 196, 180–190.

Ding H, Li S, Zhang Y, Hu X, Zheng X, Zhang J, Weng B, Chen D. 2015. The fate of urea nitrogen applied to a vegetable crop rotation system. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 103, 279–292.

Ding Z, Li J, Hu R, Xiao D, Huang F, Peng S, Huang J, Li C, Hou J, Tian Y, Zhou J, Cao B. 2022. Root-zone fertilization of controlled-release urea reduces nitrous oxide emissions and ammonia volatilization under two irrigation practices in a ratoon rice field. Field Crops Research, 287, 108673.

Dini-Andreote F, Raaijmakers J. 2018. Embracing community ecology in plant microbiome research. Trends in Plant Science, 23, 467–469.

Dinnes D, Karlen D, Jaynes D, Kaspar T, Hatfield J, Colvin T, Cambardella C. 2002. Nitrogen management strategies to reduce nitrate leaching in tile-drained midwestern soils. Agronomy Journal, 94, 153–171.

Dong H, Kong X, Li W, Tang W, Zhang D. 2010. Effects of plant density and nitrogen and potassium fertilization on cotton yield and uptake of major nutrients in two fields with varying fertility. Field Crops Research, 119, 106–113.

Dong H, Li W, Eneji A, Zhang D. 2012. Nitrogen rate and plant density effects on yield and late-season leaf senescence of cotton raised on a saline field. Field Crops Research, 126, 137–144.

Dong Q, Dang T, Guo S, Hao M. 2019. Effect of different mulching measures on nitrate nitrogen leaching in spring maize planting system in south of Loess Plateau. Agricultural Water Management, 213, 654–658.

Chen Z, Ren W, Yi X, Li Q, Cai H G, Farhan A, Yuan L X, Mi G H, Pan Q C, Chen F F. 2023. Local nitrogen application increases maize post-silking nitrogen uptake of responsive genotypes via enhanced deep root growth. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 22, 235–250.

Drury C, Reynolds W, Tan C, Welacky T, Calder W, McLaughlin N. 2006. Emissions of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide: Influence of tillage type and nitrogen placement depth. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70, 570–581.

Eden M, Bachmann J, Cavalaris C, Kostopoulou S, Kozaiti M, Kozaiti M, Böttcher J. 2020. Soil structure of a clay loam as affected by long-term tillage and residue management. Soil and Tillage Research, 204, 104734.

Eriksen A, Nilsen S. 1982. Effects of deep placement and surface application of urea on the yield of wetland rice in pot trials. Plant and Soil, 66, 29–36.

Fan D, He W, Smith W, Drury C, Jiang R, Grant B, Shi Y, Song D, Chen Y, Wang X. 2022. Global evaluation of inhibitor impacts on ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils: A meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 28, 5121–5141.

Fan D, Liu T, Sheng F, Li S, Cao C, Li C. 2020. Nitrogen deep placement mitigates methane emissions by regulating methanogens and methanotrophs in no-tillage paddy fields. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 56, 711–727.

Fujii T, Hasegawa H, Ohyama T, Sinegovskaya V. 2015. Evaluation of tillage efficiency and power requirements for a deep-placement fertilizer applicator with reverse rotational rotary. Russian Agricultural Sciences, 41, 498–503.

Fukao T, Yeung E, Bailey-Serres J. 2012. The submergence tolerance gene SUBE1A delays leaf senescence under prolonged darkness through hormonal regulation in rice. Plant Physiology, 160, 1795–1807.

Gaihre Y, Singh U, Islam S, Huda A, Islam M, Satter M, Sanabria J, Islam M, Shah A. 2015. Impacts of urea deep placement on nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from rice fields in Bangladesh. Geoderma, 259, 370–379.

Gao Y, Qi S, Wang Y. 2022. Nitrate signaling and use efficiency in crops. Plant Communications, 3, 100353.

Gilbert B, Frenzel P. 1998. Rice roots and CH4 oxidation: The activity of bacteria, their distribution and the microenvironment. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 30, 1903–1916.

Godfray H, Beddington J, Crute I, Haddad L, Lawrence D, Muir J, Pretty J, Robinson S, Thomas S, Toulmin C. 2010. Food security: The challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science, 327, 812–818.

Good A, Shrawat A, Muench D. 2004. Can less yield more? Is reducing nutrient input into the environment compatible with maintaining crop production? Trends in Plant Science, 9, 597–605.

Gregersen P. 2011. Senescence and nutrient remobilization in crop plants. The Molecular and Physiological Basis of Nutrient Use Efficiency in Crops, 83–102.

Guo R, Li X, Christie P, Chen Q, Jiang R, Zhang F. 2008. Influence of root zone nitrogen management and a summer catch crop on cucumber yield and soil mineral nitrogen dynamics in intensive production systems. Plant and Soil, 313, 55–70.

Guo X, Li G, Ding X, Zhang J, Ren B, Liu P, Zhang S, Zhao B. 2022. Response of leaf senescence, photosynthetic characteristics, and yield of summer maize to controlled-release urea-based application depth. Agronomy, 12, 687.

Guo Y, Ji Y, Zhang J, Liu Q, Han J, Zhang L. 2022. Effects of water and nitrogen management on N2O emissions and NH3 volatilization from a vineyard in North China. Agricultural Water Management, 266, 107601.

Hartmann T, Yue S, Schulz R, Chen X, Zhang F, Müller T. 2014. Nitrogen dynamics, apparent mineralization and balance calculations in a maize–wheat double cropping system of the North China Plain. Field Crops Research, 160, 22–30.

Hayashi K, Nishimura S, Yagi K. 2006. Ammonia volatilization from the surface of a Japanese paddy field during rice cultivation. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 52, 545–555.

Hayashi K, Nishimura S, Yagi K. 2008. Ammonia volatilization from a paddy field following applications of urea: Rice plants are both an absorber and an emitter for atmospheric ammonia. Science of the Total Environment, 390, 485–494.

He T, Wang Y, Shi Z. 2019. Movement law of soil temperature and soil water under annual film mulching in loess hilly region. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32, 1314–1322. (in Chinese)

He Y, Wei Y, DePauw R, Qian B, Lemke R, Singh A, Cuthbert R, McConkey B, Wang H. 2013. Spring wheat yield in the semiarid Canadian prairies: Effects of precipitation timing and soil texture over recent 30 years. Field Crops Research, 149, 329–337.

Hogan K, Hoffman J, Thompson A. 1991. Methane on the greenhouse agenda. Nature, 354, 181–182.

Hosen Y, Paisancharoen K, Tsuruta H. 2002. Effects of deep application of urea on NO and N2O emissions from an andisol. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 63, 197–206.

Hou P, Yuan W, Li G, Petropoulos E, Xue L, Feng Y, Xue L, Yang L, Ding Y. 2021. Deep fertilization with controlled-release fertilizer for higher cereal yield and N utilization in paddies: The optimal fertilization depth. Agronomy Journal, 113, 5027–5039.

Hu K, Zhao P, Wu K, Yang H, Yang Q, Fan M, Long G. 2023. Reduced and deep application of controlled-release urea maintained yield and improved nitrogen-use efficiency. Field Crops Research, 295, 108876.

Huang M, Chen J, Cao F, Zou Y. 2018. Increased hill density can compensate for yield loss from reduced nitrogen input in machine-transplanted double-cropped rice. Field Crops Research, 221, 333–338.

Huang Q, Fan X, Tang S, Zhang M, Huang X, Yi Q, Pang Y, Huang J. 2019. Seasonal differences in N release dynamic of controlled-released urea in paddy field and its impact on the growth of rice under double rice cropping system. Soil and Tillage Research, 195, 104371.

Huang S, Lv W, Bloszies S, Shi Q, Pan X, Zeng Y. 2016. Effects of fertilizer management practices on yield-scaled ammonia emissions from croplands in China: A meta-analysis. Field Crops Research, 192, 118–125.

Ikezawa H, Nagumo Y, Hattori M, Nonaka M, Ohyama T, Harada N. 2022. Suppressive effect of the deep placement of lime nitrogen on N2O emissions in a soybean field. Science of the Total Environment, 804, 150246.

IPCC. 2013. The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, UK.

Islam S, Gaihre Y, Biswas J, Jahan M, Singh U, Adhikary S, Satter M, Saleque M. 2018a. Different nitrogen rates and methods of application for dry season rice cultivation with alternate wetting and drying irrigation: Fate of nitrogen and grain yield. Agricultural Water Management, 196, 144–153.

Islam S, Gaihre Y, Biswas J, Singh U, Ahmed M, Sanabria J, Saleque M. 2018b. Nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from lowland rice cultivation with urea deep placement and alternate wetting and drying irrigation. Scientific Reports, 8, 17623.

Jeschke W, Baig A, Hilpert A. 1997. Sink-stimulated photosynthesis, increased transpiration and increased demand-dependent stimulation of nitrate uptake: Nitrogen and carbon relations in the parasitic association Cuscuta reflexa–Coleus blumei. Journal of Experimental Botany, 48, 915–925.

Jia Q, Sun L, Mou H, Ali S, Liu D, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Ren X, Jia Z. 2018. Effects of planting patterns and sowing densities on grain-filling, radiation use efficiency and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in semi-arid regions. Agricultural Water Management, 201, 287–298.

Jiang C, Lu D, Zu C, Shen J, Wang S, Guo Z, Zhou J, Wang H. 2018a. One-time root-zone n fertilization increases maize yield, NUE and reduces soil N losses in lime concretion black soil. Scientific Reports, 8, 10258.

Jiang C, Lu D, Zu C, Zhou J, Wang H. 2018b. Root-zone fertilization improves crop yields and minimizes nitrogen loss in summer maize in China. Scientific Reports, 8, 15139.

Jiang M, Liu C, Wei D, Du X, Cai P, Song J. 2019. Design and test of wide seedling strip wheat precision planter. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 50, 53–62. (in Chinese)

Jing J, Zhang F, Rengel Z. 2012. Localized fertilization with P plus N elicits an ammonium-dependent enhancement of maize root growth and nutrient uptake. Field Crops Research, 133, 176–185.

Joel RC, Lincoln Z, Michael D, Diane L, Steven A. 2016. Soil moisture distribution under drip irrigation and seepage for potato production. Agricultural Water Management, 169, 183–192.

Ju X, Christie P. 2011. Calculation of theoretical nitrogen rate for simple nitrogen recommendations in intensive cropping systems: A case study on the North China Plain. Field Crops Research, 124, 450–458.

Kapoor V, Singh U, Patil S, Magre H, Shrivastava L, Mishra V, Das R, Samadhiya V, Sanabria J, Diamond R. 2008. Rice growth, grain yield, and floodwater nutrient dynamics as affected by nutrient placement method and rate. Agronomy Journal, 100, 526–536.

Kargbo M, Pan S, Mo Z, Wang Z, Luo X, Tian H, Hossain M, Ashraf U, Tang X. 2016. Physiological basis of improved performance of super rice (Oryza sativa) to deep placed fertilizer with precision hill-drilling machine. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 18, 797–804.

Kaushal T, Suganuma T, Fujikake H, Ohtake N, Sueyoshi K, Takahashi Y, Ohyama T. 2002. Effect of deep placement of calcium cyanamide, coated urea, and urea on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seed yield in relation to different inoculation methods. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 48, 855–863.

Ke J, He R, Hou P, Ding C, Ding Y, Wang S, Liu Z, Tang S, Ding C, Chen L. 2018. Combined controlled-released nitrogen fertilizers and deep placement effects of n leaching, rice yield and N recovery in machine-transplanted rice. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 265, 402–412.

Keerthisinghe D, Lin X, Luo Q, Mosier A. 1995. Effect of encapsulated calcium carbide and urea application methods on denitrification and N loss from flooded rice. Fertilizer Research, 45, 31–36.

Khalil M, Buegger F, Schraml M, Gutser R, Richards K, Schmidhalter U. 2009. Gaseous nitrogen losses from a cambisol cropped to spring wheat with urea sizes and placement depths. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 73, 1335–1344.

Kim D, Saggar S, Roudier P. 2012. The effect of nitrification inhibitors on soil ammonia emissions in nitrogen managed soils: A meta-analysis. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 93, 51–64.

Van Kooten O, Snel J. 1990. The use of chlorophyll fluorescence nomenclature in plant stress physiology. Photosynthesis Research, 25, 147–150.

Koudjega K, Ablede K, Lawson I, Abekoe M, Owusu-Bennoah E, Tsatsu D. 2019. Reducing ammonia volatilization and improving nitrogen use efficiency of rice at different depths of urea supergranule application. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 50, 974–986.

Larson W, Lovely W, Pesek J, Burwell R. 1960. Effect of subsoiling and deep fertilizer placement on yields of corn in Iowa and Illinois. Agronomy Journal, 52, 185–189.

Lassaletta L, Billen G, Grizzetti B, Anglade J, Garnier J. 2014. 50 year trends in nitrogen use efficiency of world cropping systems: The relationship between yield and nitrogen input to cropland. Environmental Research Letters, 9, 105011.

Laza M, Peng S, Akita S, Saka H. 2003. Contribution of biomass partitioning and translocation to grain yield under sub-optimum growing conditions in irrigated rice. Plant Production Science, 6, 28–35.

Li B, Fan C, Zhang H, Chen Z, Sun L, Xiong Z. 2015. Combined effects of nitrogen fertilization and biochar on the net global warming potential, greenhouse gas intensity and net ecosystem economic budget in intensive vegetable agriculture in southeastern China. Atmospheric Environment, 100, 10–19.

Li C, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhu L, Cao Y, Zhao X, Feng G, Gao Q. 2020. Mixture of controlled-release and normal urea to improve nitrogen management for maize across contrasting soil types. Agronomy Journal, 112, 3101–3113.

Li L, Tian H, Zhang M, Fan P, Ashraf U, Liu H, Chen X, Duan M, Tang X, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Pan S. 2021a. Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer increases rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency with fewer greenhouse gas emissions in a mechanical direct-seeded cropping system. The Crop Journal, 9, 1386–1396.

Li L, Zhang Z, Tian H, Ashraf U, Mo Z, Tang X, Duan M, Wang Z, Wu T, Pan S. 2021b. Productivity and profitability of mechanized deep nitrogen fertilization in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice in South China. Agronomy Journal, 113, 1664–1680.

Li L, Zhang Z, Tian H, Mo Z, Ashraf U, Duan M, Wang Z, Wang S, Tang X, Pan S. 2020. Roles of nitrogen deep placement on grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and antioxidant enzyme activities in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice. Agronomy, 10, 1252.

Li M, Wang Y, Adeli A, Yan H. 2018. Effects of application methods and urea rates on ammonia volatilization, yields and fine root biomass of alfalfa. Field Crops Research, 218, 115–125.

Li T, Zhang Z, Chen P, Qi Z, Nie T, Zhang Z, Sun D, Du S, Zhou X. 2023. The effect of deep placement of basal nitrogen fertilizer on gaseous nitrogen losses and nitrogen use efficiency of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation in northeast China. Agronomy, 13, 842.

Li Y, Liu H, Huang G, Zhang R, Yang H. 2016. Nitrate nitrogen accumulation and leaching pattern at a winter wheat: Summer maize cropping field in the North China Plain. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75, 1–12.

Liang X, Feng G, Ye F, Zhang J, Yang S, Meng J, Li X, Wan S. 2020. Single-seed sowing increased pod yield at a reduced seeding rate by improving root physiological state of Arachis hypogaea. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 4, 1019–1032.

Lin L, Zheng Z, Hua T, Ashraf U, Hamoud Y, Alaa A, Tang X, Duan M, Wang Z, Pan S. 2022. Nitrogen deep placement combined with straw mulch cultivation enhances physiological traits, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice. Rice Science, 29, 89–100.

Linquist B, Adviento-Borbe M, Pittelkow C, van Kessel C, van Groenigen K. 2012. Fertilizer management practices and greenhouse gas emissions from rice systems: A quantitative review and analysis. Field Crops Research, 135, 10–21.

Liu A, Ma X, Zhang Z, Liu J, Luo D, Yang L, Lv N, Zhang Y, Yang G, Dong H. 2022a. Single dose fertilization at reduced nitrogen rate improves nitrogen utilization without yield reduction in late-planted cotton under a wheat–cotton cropping system. Industrial Crops & Products, 176,114346.

Liu A, Li Z, Zhang D, Cui Z, Zhan L, Xu S, Zhang Y, Dai J, Li W, Nie J, Yang G, Li C, Dong H. 2022b. One-off basal application of nitrogen fertilizer increases the biological yield but not the economic yield of cotton in moderate fertility soil. Field Crops Research, 288, 108702.

Liu H, Wang Z, Yu R, Li F, Li K, Cao H, Yang N, Li M, Dai J, Zan Y, Li Q, Xue C, He G, Huang D, Huang M, Liu J, Qiu W, Zhao H, Mao H. 2016. Optimal nitrogen input for higher efficiency and lower environmental impacts of winter wheat production in China. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 224, 1–11.

Liu P, Yan H, Xu S, Lin X, Wang W, Wang D. 2022. Moderately deep banding of phosphorus enhanced winter wheat yield by improving phosphorus availability, root spatial distribution, and growth. Soil and Tillage Research, 220, 105388.

Liu S, Pubu C, Zhu Y, Hao W, Zhang G, Han J. 2023. Optimizing nitrogen application depth can improve crop yield and nitrogen uptake - A global meta-analysis. Field Crops Research, 295, 108895.

Liu T, Li S, Guo L, Cao C, Li C, Zhai Z, Zhou J, Mei Y, Ke H. 2020. Advantages of nitrogen fertilizer deep placement in greenhouse gas emissions and net ecosystem economic benefits from no-tillage paddy fields. Journal of Cleaner Production, 263, 121322.

Liu T Q, Fan D, Zhang X, Chen J, Li C, Cao C. 2015. Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizers reduces ammonia volatilization and increases nitrogen utilization efficiency in no-tillage paddy fields in central China. Field Crops Research, 184, 80–90.

Liu W, Xiong Y, Xu X, Xu F, Hussain S, Xiong H, Yuan J. 2019. Deep placement of controlled-release urea effectively enhanced nitrogen use efficiency and fresh ear yield of sweet corn in fluvo-aquic soil. Scientific Reports, 9, 20307.

Liu X, Mosier A, Halvorson A, Zhang F. 2006. The impact of nitrogen placement and tillage on NO, N2O, CH4 and CO2 fluxes from a clay loam soil. Plant and Soil, 280, 177–188.

Liu X, Zhang Y, Han W, Tang A, Shen J, Cui Z, Vitousek P, Erisman J, Goulding K, Christie P, Fangmeier A, Zhang F. 2013. Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China. Nature, 494, 459–462.

López-Bellido L, López-Bellido R, Redondo R. 2005. Nitrogen efficiency in wheat under rainfed Mediterranean conditions as affected by split nitrogen application. Field Crops Research, 94, 86–97.

Luo Z, Liu H, Li W, Zhao Q, Dai J, Tian L, Dong H. 2018. Effects of reduced nitrogen rate on cotton yield and nitrogen use efficiency as mediated by application mode or plant density. Field Crops Research, 218, 150–157.

Lynch J. 2011. Root phenes for enhanced soil exploration and phosphorus acquisition: Tools for future crops. Plant Physiology, 156, 1041–1049.

Ma Q, Rengel Z, Rose T. 2009. The effectiveness of deep placement of fertilisers is determined by crop species and edaphic conditions in Mediterranean-type environments: A review. Soil Research, 47, 19–32.

Ma Q, Sun L, Tian H, Rengel Z, Shen J. 2021. Deep banding of phosphorus and nitrogen enhances Rosa multiflora growth and nutrient accumulation by improving root spatial distribution. Scientia Horticulturae, 277, 109800.

Ma Q, Zhang F, Rengel Z, Shen J. 2013. Localized application of NH4+-N plus P at the seedling and later growth stages enhances nutrient uptake and maize yield by inducing lateral root proliferation. Plant and Soil, 372, 65–80.

Ma R, Zou J, Han Z, Yu K, Wu S, Li Z, Liu S, Niu S, Horwath W, Zhu-Barker X. 2021. Global soil-derived ammonia emissions from agricultural nitrogen fertilizer application: A refinement based on regional and crop-specific emission factors. Global Change Biology, 27, 855–867.

Ma S, Wang T, Ma S. 2022. Effects of drip irrigation on root activity pattern, root-sourced signal characteristics and yield stability of winter wheat. Agricultural Water Management, 271, 107783.

Masclaux C, Valadier M, Brugière N, Morot-Gaudry J, Hirel B. 2000. Characterization of the sink/source transition in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) shoots in relation to nitrogen management and leaf senescence. Planta, 211, 510–518.

Min J, Sun H, Wang Y, Pan Y, Kronzucker H, Zhao D, Shi W. 2021. Mechanical side-deep fertilization mitigates ammonia volatilization and nitrogen runoff and increases profitability in rice production independent of fertilizer type and split ratio. Journal of Cleaner Production, 316, 128370.

Mo F, Yu K, Crowther T, Wang J, Zhao H, Xiong Y, Liao Y. 2020. How plastic mulching affects net primary productivity, soil C fluxes and organic carbon balance in dry agroecosystems in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 263, 121470.

Mohanty S, Singh U, Balasubramanian V, Jha K. 1998. Nitrogen deep-placement technologies for productivity, profitability, and environmental quality of rainfed lowland rice systems. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 53, 43–57.

Nash P, Nelson K, Motavalli P. 2013. Corn yield response to timing of strip-tillage and nitrogen source applications. Agronomy Journal, 105, 623–630.

Nerva L, Sandrini M, Moffa L, Velasco R, Balestrini R, Chitarra W. 2022. Breeding toward improved ecological plant-microbiome interactions. Trends in Plant Science, 27, 1134–1143.

Ni K, Kage H, Pacholski A. 2018. Effects of novel nitrification and urease inhibitors (DCD/TZ and 2-NPT) on N2O emissions from surface applied urea: An incubation study. Atmospheric Environment, 175, 75–82.

Nieder R, Benbi D, Scherer H. 2011. Fixation and defixation of ammonium in soils: A review. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 47, 1–14.

Nishimura S, Komada M, Takebe M, Yonemura S, Kato N. 2012. Nitrous oxide evolved from soil covered with plastic mulch film in horticultural field. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 48, 787–795.

Nkebiwe P, Weinmann M, Bar-Tal A, Müller T. 2016. Fertilizer placement to improve crop nutrient acquisition and yield: A review and meta-analysis. Field Crops Research, 196, 389–401.

Novoa R, Loomis R. 1981. Nitrogen and plant production. Plant and Soil, 58, 177–204.

Owino J, Owido S, Chemelil M. 2006. Nutrients in runoff from a clay loam soil protected by narrow grass strips. Soil and Tillage Research, 88, 116–122.

Pan S, Wen X, Wang Z, Ashraf U, Tian H, Duan M, Mo Z, Fan P, Tang X. 2017. Benefits of mechanized deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer in direct-seeded rice in South China. Field Crops Research, 203, 139–149.

Park S, Croteau P, Boering K, Etheridge D, Ferretti D, Fraser P, Kim K, Krummel P, Langenfelds R, van Ommen T, Steele L, Trudinger C. 2012. Trends and seasonal cycles in the isotopic composition of nitrous oxide since 1940. Nature Geoscience, 5, 261–265.

Patel N, Rajput T. 2007. Effect of drip tape placement depth and irrigation level on yield of potato. Agricultural Water Management, 88, 209–223.

Patuk I, Hasegawa H, Borodin I, Whitaker A, Borowski P. 2020. Simulation for design and material selection of a deep placement fertilizer applicator for soybean cultivation. Open Engineering, 10, 733–743.

Peng S, Buresh R, Huang J, Yang J, Zou Y, Zhong X, Wang G, Zhang F. 2006. Strategies for overcoming low agronomic nitrogen use efficiency in irrigated rice systems in China. Field Crops Research, 96, 37–47.

Peng S, Buresh R, Huang J, Zhong X, Zou Y, Yang J, Wang G, Liu Y, Hu R, Tang Q, Cui K, Zhang F, Dobermann A. 2010. Improving nitrogen fertilization in rice by site-specific N management. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 30, 649–656.

Petersen J. 2001. Recovery of 15N-ammonium-15N-nitrate in spring wheat as affected by placement geometry of the fertilizer band. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 61, 215–221.

Qi W, Zhang J, Wang K, Liu P, Dong S. 2010. Effects of drought stress on the grain yield and root physiological traits of maize varieties with different drought tolerance. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 21, 48–52. (in Chinese)

Qiang S, Sun X, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Fan J, Zhang F, Sun M, Gao Z. 2021. Deep placement of mixed controlled-release and conventional urea improves grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency of rainfed spring maize. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 67, 1848–1858.

Qiang S, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Fan J, Zhang F, Sun M, Gao Z. 2022. Combined effects of urea type and placement depth on grain yield, water productivity and nitrogen use efficiency of rain-fed spring maize in northern China. Agricultural Water Management, 262, 107442.

Qiao J, Yang L, Yan T, Xue F, Zhao D. 2012. Nitrogen fertilizer reduction in rice production for two consecutive years in the Taihu Lake area. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 146, 103–112.

Qin R, Stamp P, Richner W. 2005. Impact of tillage and banded starter fertilizer on maize root growth in the top 25 centimeters of the soil. Agronomy Journal, 97, 674–683.

Qin X, Li Y, Liu K, Wan Y. 2006. Methane and nitrous oxide emission from paddy field under different fertilization treatments. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 7, 143–148. (in Chinese)

Rasmussen I, Dresbøll D, Thorup-Kristensen K. 2015. Winter wheat cultivars and nitrogen (N) fertilization - Effects on root growth, N uptake efficiency and N use efficiency. European Journal of Agronomy, 68, 38–49.

Reddy K, Patrick W. 1976. Yield and nitrogen utilization by rice as affected by method and time of application of labelled nitrogen. Agronomy Journal, 68, 965–969.

Rees R, Roelcke M, Li S, Wang X, Li S, Stockdale E, McTaggart I, Smith K, Richter J. 1996. The effect of fertilizer placement on nitrogen uptake and yield of wheat and maize in Chinese loess soils. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 47, 81–91.

Ren B, Huang Z, Liu P, Zhao B, Zhang J. 2023. Urea ammonium nitrate solution combined with urease and nitrification inhibitors jointly mitigate NH3 and N2O emissions and improves nitrogen efficiency of summer maize under fertigation. Field Crops Research, 296, 108909.

Robinson C. 2002. Controls on decomposition and soil nitrogen availability at high latitudes. Plant and Soil, 242, 65–81.

Rochette P, Angers D, Chantigny M, Gasser M, MacDonald J, Pelster D, Bertrand N. 2013. Ammonia volatilization and nitrogen retention: How deep to incorporate urea? Journal of Environmental Quality, 42, 1635–1642.

Rychel K, Meurer K, Börjesson G, Strömgren M, Getahun G, Kirchmann H, Kätterer T. 2020. Deep N fertilizer placement mitigated N2O emissions in a Swedish field trial with cereals. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 118, 133–148.

Sarker M, Murayama S, Akamine H, Nakamura I. 2002. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on photosynthetic characters and dry matter production in F1 hybrids of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Production Science, 5, 131–138.

Savant N, Stangel P. 1990. Deep placement of urea supergranules in transplanted rice: Principles and practices. Fertilizer Research, 25, 1–83.

Scherer H, Ahrens G. 1996. Depletion of non-exchangeable NH4+-N in the soil-root interface in relation to clay mineral composition and plant species. European Journal of Agronomy, 5, 1–7.

Schimel J. 2000. Rice, microbes and methane. Nature, 403, 375–377.

Shao J, Miao Y, Liu K, Ren Y, Xu Z, Zhang N, Feng H, Shen Q, Zhang R, Xun W. 2021. Rhizosphere microbiome assembly involves seed-borne bacteria in compensatory phosphate solubilization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 159, 108273.

Shen Y, Xu L, Guo H, Ismail H, Ran X, Zhang C, Peng Y, Zhao Y, Liu W, Ding Y, Tang S. 2023. Mitigating the adverse effect of warming on rice canopy and rhizosphere microbial community by nitrogen application: An approach to counteract future climate change for rice. Science of the Total Environment, 905, 167151.

Shi W, Zhang Q, Li L, Tan J, Xie R, Wang Y. 2023. Hole fertilization in the root zone facilitates maize yield and nitrogen utilization by mitigating potential N loss and improving mineral N accumulation. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 22, 1184–1198.

Shiga H, Ventura W, Yoshida T. 1977. Effect of deep placement of ball-type fertilizer at different growth stages on yield and yield components of the rice plant in the philippines. Plant and Soil, 47, 351–361.

Singh S, Prasad R, Sharma S. 1989. Growth and yield of rice as affected by spacing, time and depth of placement of urea briquettes. Fertilizer Research, 19, 99–101.

Skiba U, Fowler D, Smith K. 1997. Nitric oxide emissions from agricultural soils in temperate and tropical climates: Sources, controls and mitigation options. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 48, 139–153.

Skiba U, Smith K. 1993. Nitrification and denitrification as sources of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide in a sandy loam soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 25, 1527–1536.

Sommer S, Schjoerring J, Denmead O. 2004. Ammonia emission from mineral fertilizers and fertilized crops. Advances in Agronomy, 82, 82004–82008.

Song C, Guan Y, Wang D, Zewudie D, Li F. 2014. Palygorskite-coated fertilizers with a timely release of nutrients increase potato productivity in a rain-fed cropland. Field Crops Research, 166, 10–17.

Song Q L, Zhang J, Zhang F F, Shen Y F, Yue S C, Li S Q. 2024. Optimized nitrogen application for maximizing yield and minimizing nitrogen loss in film mulching spring maize production on the Loess Plateau, China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 23, 1671–1684.

Steusloff T, Nelson K, Motavalli P, Singh G. 2019. Urea nitrapyrin placement effects on soil nitrous oxide emissions in claypan soil. Journal of Environmental Quality, 48, 1444–1453.

Strasser R, Tsimilli-Michael M, Srivastava A. 2004. Analysis of the Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Transient. Springer, Netherlands. pp. 321–362.

Su W, Liu B, Liu X, Li X, Ren T, Cong R, Lu J. 2015. Effect of depth of fertilizer banded-placement on growth, nutrient uptake and yield of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). European Journal of Agronomy, 62, 38–45.

Sun H, Zhang H, Powlson D, Min J, Shi W. 2015. Rice production, nitrous oxide emission and ammonia volatilization as impacted by the nitrification inhibitor 2-chloro–6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine. Field Crops Research, 173, 1–7.

Takahashi Y, Chinushi T, Nagumo Y, Nakano T, Ohyama T. 1991. Effect of deep placement of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (coated urea) on growth, yield, and nitrogen fixation of soybean plants. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 37, 223–231.

Tawfik A, Bazaraa A, El-Ayoty S. 2012. Performance of subsurface drip irrigation under different conditions. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 59, 23–37.

Tewari K, Sato T, Abiko M, Ohtake N, Sueyoshi K, Takahashi Y, Nagumo Y, Tutida T, Ohyama T. 2007. Analysis of the nitrogen nutrition of soybean plants with deep placement of coated urea and lime nitrogen. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 53, 772–781.

Tian Y, Yin B, Yang L, Yin S, Zhu Z. 2007. Nitrogen runoff and leaching losses during rice–wheat rotations in Taihu Lake Region, China. Pedosphere, 17, 445–456.

Tilman D, Balzer C, Hill J, Befort B. 2011. Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 20260–20264.

Tilman D, Cassman K, Matson P, Naylor R, Polasky S. 2002. Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature, 418, 671–677.

Wang D, Ye C, Xu C, Wang Z, Chen S, Chu G, Zhang X. 2019. Soil nitrogen distribution and plant nitrogen utilization in direct-seeded rice in response to deep placement of basal fertilizer-nitrogen. Rice Science, 26, 404–415.

Wang S, Hou Y. 2004. Changes of soil properties in the courses of urea patch diffusion. Journal of Agro-Environment, 23, 263–266. (in Chinese)

Wang X, Wang N, Xing Y, Yun J, Zhang H. 2018. Effects of plastic mulching and basal nitrogen application depth on nitrogen use efficiency and yield in maize. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1446.

Wang Y, Guo Q, Xu Y, Zhang P, Cai T, Jia Z. 2023a. Sustainable nitrogen placement depth under different rainfall levels can enhance crop productivity and maintain the nitrogen balance in winter wheat fields. Soil & Tillage Research, 233, 105817.

Wang Y, Guo Q, Xu Y, Zhang P, Cai T, Jia Z. 2023b. Optimizing urea deep placement to rainfall can maximize crop water-nitrogen productivity and decrease nitrate leaching in winter wheat. Agricultural Water Management, 274, 107971.

Wang Y, Xu Y, Guo Q, Zhang P, Cai T, Jia Z. 2023c. Adopting nitrogen deep placement based on different simulated precipitation year types enhances wheat yield and resource utilization by promoting photosynthesis capacity. Field Crops Research, 294, 108862.

Wang Y, Xu Y, Guo Q, Zhang P, Cai T, Jia Z. 2023d. Advantages of deep fertilizer placement in environmental footprints and net ecosystem economic benefits under the variation of precipitation year types from winter wheat fields. Field Crops Research, 303, 109142.

Wu C, Yan B, Wei F, Wang H, Gao L, Ma H, Liu Q, Liu Y, Liu G, Wang G. 2023. Long-term application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers changes the process of community construction by affecting keystone species of crop rhizosphere microorganisms. Science of the Total Environment, 897, 165239.

Wu M, Li G, Li W, Liu J, Liu M, Jiang C, Li Z. 2017a. Nitrogen fertilizer deep placement for increased grain yield and nitrogen recovery efficiency in rice grown in subtropical China. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1227.

Wu M, Liu M, Liu J, Li W, Jiang C, Li Z. 2017b. Optimize nitrogen fertilization location in root-growing zone to increase grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of transplanted rice in subtropical China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 16, 2073–2081.

Wu P, Liu F, Chen G, Wang J, Huang F, Cai T, Zhang P, Jia Z. 2022a. Can deep fertilizer application enhance maize productivity by delaying leaf senescence and decreasing nitrate residue levels? Field Crops Research, 277, 108417.

Wu P, Liu F, Li H, Cai T, Zhang P, Jia Z. 2021. Suitable fertilizer application depth can increase nitrogen use efficiency and maize yield by reducing gaseous nitrogen losses. Science of the Total Environment, 781, 146787.

Wu P, Liu F, Wang J, Liu Y, Gao Y, Zhang X, Chen G, Huang F, Ahmad S, Zhang P, Cai T, Jia Z. 2022b. Suitable fertilization depth can improve the water productivity and maize yield by regulating development of the root system. Agricultural Water Management, 271, 107784.

Wu P, Liu F, Zhao Y, Bai Y, Feng B, Li Y, Nan W, Chen J, Cai T, Zhang P, Jia Z. 2023. Diffusion and transformation of methane within the soil profile and surface uptake in dryland spring maize fields under different fertilizer application depths. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 344, 108305.

Wu Q, Du B, Jiang S, Zhang H, Zhu J. 2022. Side deep fertilizing of machine-transplanted rice to guarantee rice yield in conservation tillage. Agriculture, 12, 528.

Xia L, Cao L, Yang Y, Ti C, Liu Y, Smith P, van Groenigen K, Lehmann J, Lal R, Butterbach-Bahl K, Kiese R, Zhuang M, Lu X, Yan X. 2023. Integrated biochar solutions can achieve carbon-neutral staple crop production. Nature Food, 4, 236–246.

Xia L, Li X, Ma Q, Lam S, Wolf B, Kiese R, Butterbach-Bahl K, Chen D, Li Z, Yan X. 2020. Simultaneous quantification of N2, NH3 and N2O emissions from a flooded paddy field under different n fertilization regimes. Global Change Biology, 26, 2292–2303.

Xie T, Gu W, Liguo Z, Li C. 2018. Exogenous DCPTA ameliorates the soil drought effect on nitrogen metabolism in maize during the pre-female inflorescence emergence stage. Biorxiv, doi: 10.1186/s12870-019-1710-5.

Xu R, Tian H, Pan S, Prior S, Feng Y, Batchelor W, Chen J, Yang J. 2019. Global ammonia emissions from synthetic nitrogen fertilizer applications in agricultural systems: Empirical and process-based estimates and uncertainty. Global Change Biology, 25, 314–326.

Xue X, Xu X, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Song S, Li Z, Hong T, Huang H. 2019. Variable rate liquid fertilizer applicator for deep-fertilization in precision farming based on ZigBee technology. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 52, 43–50.

Yamulki S, Jarvis S. 2002. Short-term effects of tillage and compaction on nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, methane and carbon dioxide fluxes from grassland. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 36, 224–231.

Yang Y, Ni X, Zhou Z, Yu L, Liu B, Yang Y, Wu Y. 2017. Performance of matrix-based slow-release urea in reducing nitrogen loss and improving maize yields and profits. Field Crops Research, 212, 73–81.

Yang Y, Zhang M, Zheng L, Cheng D, Liu M, Geng Y, Chen J. 2013. Controlled-release urea for rice production and its environmental implications. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 36, 781–794.

Yao Y, Zhang M, Tian Y, Zhao M, Zhang B, Zeng K, Zhao M, Yin B. 2018a. Urea deep placement in combination with azolla for reducing nitrogen loss and improving fertilizer nitrogen recovery in rice field. Field Crops Research, 218, 141–149.

Yao Y, Zhang M, Tian Y, Zhao M, Zhang B, Zhao M, Zeng K, Yin B. 2018b. Urea deep placement for minimizing NH3 loss in an intensive rice cropping system. Field Crops Research, 218, 254–266.

El Zahar Haichar F, Heulin T, Guyonnet J, Achouak W. 2016. Stable isotope probing of carbon flow in the plant holobiont. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 41, 9–13.

Zaman M, Blennerhassett J. 2010. Effects of the different rates of urease and nitrification inhibitors on gaseous emissions of ammonia and nitrous oxide, nitrate leaching and pasture production from urine patches in an intensive grazed pasture system. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 136, 236–246.

Zeng X, Han B, Xu F, Huang J, Cai H, Shi L. 2012. Effects of modified fertilization technology on the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of midseason rice. Field Crops Research, 137, 203–212.

Zhang C, Gu B, Liang X, Lam S, Zhou Y, Chen D. 2024. The role of nitrogen management in achieving global sustainable development goals. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 201, 107304.

Zhang D, Li W, Xin C, Tang W, Eneji A, Dong H. 2012. Lint yield and nitrogen use efficiency of field-grown cotton vary with soil salinity and nitrogen application rate. Field Crops Research, 138, 63–70.

Zhang F, Cui Z, Chen X, Ju X, Shen J, Chen Q, Liu X, Zhang W, Mi G, Fan M. 2012. Integrated nutrient management for food security and environmental quality in China. Advances in Agronomy, 116, 1–40.

Zhang G, Zhao D, Liu S, Liao Y, Han J. 2022. Can controlled-release urea replace the split application of normal urea in China? A meta-analysis based on crop grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Field Crops Research, 275, 108343.

Zhang M, Yao Y, Zhao M, Zhang B, Tian Y, Yin B, Zhu Z. 2017. Integration of urea deep placement and organic addition for improving yield and soil properties and decreasing N loss in paddy field. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 247, 236–245.

Zhang R, Yang H, Fan X, Zhang H, Liu B, Liu J. 2018. Effects of phosphorus application depths on its uptake and utilization in spring maize under subsoiling tillage. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 24, 880–887.

Zhang X, Rengel Z. 2002. Temporal dynamics of gradients of phosphorus, ammonium, pH, and electrical conductivity between a di-ammonium phosphate band and wheat roots. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 53, 985–992.

Zhang Z, Guo L, Liu T, Li C, Cao C. 2015. Effects of tillage practices and straw returning methods on greenhouse gas emissions and net ecosystem economic budget in rice–wheat cropping systems in central China. Atmospheric Environment, 122, 636–644.

Zhao X, Zhou Y, Min J, Wang S, Shi W, Xing G. 2012. Nitrogen runoff dominates water nitrogen pollution from rice–wheat rotation in the Taihu Lake region of China. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 156, 1–11.

Zheng W, Zhang M, Liu Z, Zhou H, Lu H, Zhang W, Yang Y, Li C, Chen B. 2016. Combining controlled-release urea and normal urea to improve the nitrogen use efficiency and yield under wheat–maize double cropping system. Field Crops Research, 197, 52–62.

Zhong X, Peng J, Kang X, Wu Y, Luo G, Hu W, Zhou X. 2021. Optimizing agronomic traits and increasing economic returns of machine-transplanted rice with side-deep fertilization of double-cropping rice system in southern China. Field Crops Research, 270, 108191.

Zhu C, Xiang J, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhu D, Chen H. 2019. Mechanized transplanting with side deep fertilization increases yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice in eastern China. Scientific Reports, 9, 5653.

Zhu Z, Cai G, Simpson J, Zhang S, Chen D, Jackson A, Freney J. 1988. Processes of nitrogen loss from fertilizers applied to flooded rice fields on a calcareous soil in north-central China. Fertilizer Research, 18, 101–115.