Efficient energy metabolism accelerates wheat grain filling by regulating sink strength

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.09.017

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Efficient energy metabolism accelerates wheat grain filling by regulating sink strength

Xidan Cao¹, Yimou Zuo¹, Linjing Yang¹, Lichuang Gao¹, Ting Zou¹, Vinay Nangia², Yang Liu¹^#

¹College of Agronomy/State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

²International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Rabat 999055, Morocco

Highlights

High-weight grains have higher energy charge and NADPH levels.

Glycolysis and TCA cycle are enhanced in high-weight grains.

Enhanced sucrose breakdown and starch synthesis increase grain weight.

Superior grains show faster filling rates, not longer periods, than inferior grains.

Abstract
References

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摘要

小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）单位面积产量由单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和千粒重共同决定。千粒重决定于籽粒灌浆情况。能量代谢能显著影响小麦籽粒灌浆，但其具体调控机制尚不明确。本研究设置3个对比试验：（1）千粒重差异显著且具有亲缘关系的小麦品种金麦一号（JM1）与小偃 22（XY22)，（2）两个品种同一穗上的强势粒（SG）与弱势粒（IG），（3）XY22去除强势粒后的弱势粒（RSIG）与未处理小麦籽粒，分析不同处理的籽粒灌浆特性，结合能量代谢相关代谢物含量测定与基因表达模式分析，揭示能量代谢调控小麦籽粒灌浆的内在机制。结果表明：相较于XY22，JM1更高的千粒重主要归因于籽粒灌浆速率更快，而非活跃灌浆期延长；强势粒的粒重与灌浆特性均优于弱势粒，去除强势粒可进一步提升剩余弱势粒（RSIG）的灌浆能力。生理指标测定显示，高粒重籽粒的腺苷三磷酸（ATP）含量较低，但能荷与还原型辅酶Ⅱ（NADPH）含量更高，说明高粒重籽粒内部 ATP 周转利用效率高。同时，高粒重籽粒中糖酵解、三羧酸循环及淀粉合成途径相关基因表达上调，关键代谢酶活性升高，蔗糖降解与淀粉积累进程加快。综上，高效的能量代谢能够优化籽粒能量供给与分配，加快籽粒灌浆进程，最终提高小麦千粒重。本研究为大田生产中通过调控籽粒能量代谢实现小麦高产栽培、挖掘产量潜力提供了理论依据。

Abstract

Wheat yield per unit area is determined by spike number per unit area, grain number per spike, and 1,000-grain weight, among which 1,000-grain weight is dominated by the grain-filling process. Although energy metabolism participates in the regulation of wheat grain filling, the specific regulatory mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, three comparative treatments including two wheat varieties with distinct grain weights (JM1 and XY22), superior grains (SG) and inferior grains (IG) in the same spike, and inferior grains after superior grain removal (RS-IG) were set up to compare their grain filling differences. Combined with the determination of energy metabolism-related metabolites and the analysis of corresponding gene expression patterns, this study clarified the regulatory mechanism of energy metabolism underlying wheat grain filling. The results showed that the higher 1000-grain weight of JM1 relative to XY22 was mainly attributed to its faster grain-filling rate rather than an extended filling period. SG exhibited better grain weight and filling performance than IG, and the removal of superior grains further enhanced the filling ability of residual RS-IG. Highweight grains exhibited lower ATP levels but higher energy charge and NADPH content, reflecting efficient ATP utilisation and rapid turnover rather than energy deficiency. These grains also showed upregulated expression of genes involved in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and starch synthesis, along with increased activities of key metabolic enzymes, as well as accelerated sucrose degradation and starch accumulation. Collectively, efficient energy metabolism optimizes grain energy supply and allocation, accelerates grain filling and ultimately improves wheat 1000-grain weight. This study provides a reliable theoretical basis for high-yield wheat cultivation and yield potential improvement via regulating grain energy metabolism in field production.

Keywords: wheat grain filling energy metabolism sink strength inferior grain

Online: 11 September 2026

Fund:

This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFD2300205), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32472229), and the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi, China (2024NC-ZDCYL-01-12).

About author: #Correspondence Yang Liu, E-mail: liuyang0328@126.com, yangl@nwafu.edu.cn

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Xidan Cao, Yimou Zuo, Linjing Yang, Lichuang Gao, Ting Zou, Vinay Nangia, Yang Liu. 2026.

Efficient energy metabolism accelerates wheat grain filling by regulating sink strength . Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.09.017

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