Nutrient management regulates soil fertility in paddy-upland rotations: A meta-analysis

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.01.020

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Yating Fang^{1, 2}, Hongyan Deng^{1, 2}, Hehe Gu^{1, 2}, Xin Cui^{1, 2}, Shipeng Liao^{1, 2}, Zhifeng Lu^{1, 2}, Rihuan Cong^{1, 2}, Xiaokun Li^{1, 2}, Tao Ren^{1, 2#}, Jianwei Lu^{1, 2}

¹Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China

²College of Resources and Environment/Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China

Highlights

· Combined application of chemical fertilizers with organic manure most effectively enhances soil organic carbon and phosphorus pools.

· Straw return is a superior strategy for increasing soil available potassium and is particularly effective in oilseed rape-rice rotations.

· The wheat-rice rotation exhibits greater vulnerability to soil fertility depletion than the oilseed rape-rice rotation under inadequate fertilization.

· Soil organic matter, available phosphorus, and total nitrogen are identified as the key factors determining rice yield.

Abstract
References

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摘要

通过平衡施肥维持土壤肥力，对保障集约化水旱轮作系统作物高产至关重要。本研究基于141篇已发表文献开展Meta分析，评估了不同养分管理措施对水旱轮作系统土壤化学性质及作物产量的影响。结果表明，与平衡施肥（BF）处理相比，不施肥（CK）和不平衡施肥（UF）处理均显著降低土壤有机质（降幅分别为16.6%和7.2%）、全氮（11.3%和4.9%）、全磷（14.6%和7.1%）、有效磷（41.0%和22.9%）和速效钾（13.0%和11.0%）。相反，化肥配施有机肥（F+M）或秸秆还田（F+S）处理则显著提升土壤有机质（增幅分别为16.5%和9.6%）、全氮（14.9%和8.7%）、全磷（29.2%和16.6%）、有效磷（37.6%和14.7%）和速效钾（9.1%和12.9%）。值得注意的是，土壤肥力对养分管理措施的响应因轮作制度而异。在CK处理下，小麦-水稻（WR）轮作中土壤有机质和全氮的下降幅度大于油菜-水稻（OR）轮作。在提升土壤有效磷方面，F+S处理在OR轮作中效果更好，而F+M处理则在WR轮作中表现更优。土壤肥力变化直接影响作物产量，与BF处理相比，CK处理导致的水稻减产在WR轮作（45.0%）中比在OR轮作（29.2%）中更为严重，F+S处理在OR轮作中水稻增产显著，而F+M处理则在WR轮作中增产效果更佳。随机森林分析与线性回归结果表明，土壤有机质、有效磷和全氮是影响水稻产量的主要因素。这些结果表明，化肥与有机物料配合施用对于维持水旱轮作系统的土壤肥力和生产力至关重要，在实际生产中应根据不同轮作制度的特点采取有针对性的培肥措施。

Abstract

Maintaining soil fertility through balanced fertilization is essential for ensuring high crop productivity in intensive paddy-upland rotation systems. In this study, a meta-analysis of 141 published studies was conducted to evaluate the effects of different fertilization regimes on soil chemical properties and crop yields in predominant paddy-upland rotation systems. Relative to balanced fertilization (BF), both no fertilization (CK) and unbalanced fertilization (UF) significantly reduced soil organic matter (SOM) (16.6% and 7.2%), total N (11.3% and 4.9%), total P (14.6% and 7.1%), available P (41.0% and 22.9%), and available K (13.0% and 11.0%). In contrast, the combined application of chemical fertilizer with organic manure (F+M) or straw return (F+S) significantly increased SOM (16.5% and 9.6%), total N (14.9% and 8.7%), total P (29.2% and 16.6%), available P (37.6% and14.7%), and available K (9.1% and 12.9%). Notably, the response of soil fertility to fertilization regimes differed between oilseed rape–rice (OR) and wheat–rice (WR) rotations. The WR rotation showed greater declines in SOM and total N under CK treatment than the OR rotation. While F+S treatment was more effective in improving soil available P in OR rotation, F+M treatment produced better outcomes in WR rotation. These soil responses were reflected in crop yields, with a more severe rice yield reduction under CK in the WR (45.0%) than in the OR rotation (29.2%). The greatest yield increases were associated with the F+S treatment in OR and the F+M treatment in WR. Random Forest analysis and linear regression identified SOM, available P, and total N as the primary factors governing rice yield. These results suggest that integrated nutrient management combining chemical fertilizers with organic amendments is crucial for sustaining soil fertility and productivity in paddy-upland rotations, and that tailored fertilization strategies should be developed based on specific rice-based cropping systems.

Keywords: paddy-upland rotation balanced fertilization soil fertility organic fertilizer straw return

Online: 14 January 2026

Fund:

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32502836), the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-12), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (2662021ZH001).

About author: Yating Fang, E-mail: fangyating@mail.hzau.edu.cn; #Correspondence Tao Ren, E-mail: rentao@mail.hzau.edu.cn

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Yating Fang, Hongyan Deng, Hehe Gu, Xin Cui, Shipeng Liao, Zhifeng Lu, Rihuan Cong, Xiaokun Li, Tao Ren, Jianwei Lu. 2026. Nutrient management regulates soil fertility in paddy-upland rotations: A meta-analysis. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.01.020

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