Nano-biochar amendment reduces reactive gaseous nitrogen losses and improves grain yield in alternate wetting and drying paddy fields

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.12.040

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Yidi Sun^1*#, Tao Zong^1*, Yuhao Zhou¹, Jianchang Yang^2#, Xiaoping Xin³, Weiyang Zhang², Wenhao Fang¹, Tong Shen¹

¹College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

²College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou 225009, China

³School of Natural Resources, Division of Plant Sciences and Technology, University of Missouri, MO, 6521, USA

Highlights

• Nano-biochar has better physicochemical properties than biochar.

• Nano-biochar improves rice yield under alternate wetting and drying irrigation.

• Nano-biochar reduces gaseous nitrogen losses by enhancing soil nitrogen retention.

Abstract
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摘要

传统生物炭在降低氮排放与提升作物产量方面表现出一定潜力，但其效果存在局限，且可能促进氨（NH₃）挥发。纳米生物炭因具有更高的表面能而备受关注，然而其在干湿交替灌溉（AWD）稻田系统中的减排增产效应尚不明确。为此，本研究于2023–2024年开展田间试验，设置六个处理：淹灌&0 t·ha^-1传统生物炭（I_CFNB₀）、干湿交替灌溉&0 t·ha^-1传统生物炭（I_AWDNB₀）、干湿交替灌溉&20 t·ha^-1传统生物炭（I_AWDB₂₀）、干湿交替灌溉&5 t·ha^-1纳米生物炭（I_AWDNB₅）、干湿交替灌溉&10 t·ha^-1纳米生物炭（I_AWDNB₁₀）和干湿交替灌溉&20 t·ha^-1纳米生物炭（I_AWDNB₂₀），旨在探究纳米生物对AWD稻田活性气态氮损失、田面水氮素、土壤环境、氮素吸收、产量及氮相关全球增温潜势的影响。结果表明，I_CFNB₀与I_AWDNB₀在NH₃挥发和稻米产量上无显著差异，但干湿交替灌溉使氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放增加了41.71-53.25%。与不施生物炭相比，纳米生物炭增加了土壤矿化氮含量，同时降低了田面水NH₄⁺-N浓度，从而使AWD稻田的NH₃挥发、N₂O排放、活性气态氮损失和全球增温潜势分别降低5.92-34.41%、9.95-25.49%、6.37-33.39%和12.20-26.11%。与I_AWDB₂₀处理相比，I_AWDNB₂₀处理使NH₃挥发、N₂O排放、活性气态氮损失和全球增温潜势分别降低12.97-13.45%、9.47-17.26%、13.69%和9.95-17.89%，而I_AWDNB₁₀处理在2023年与I_AWDB₂₀无显著差异，但在2024年显著降低了N₂O排放，使全球增温潜势降低了7.81%。纳米生物炭促进了水稻植株地上部干物质和氮素积累，最终使稻米产量提高1.95-12.25%，且I_AWDNB₁₀与I_AWDB₂₀处理间产量无显著差异。因此，即使将生物炭施用量减半，纳米生物炭仍能提高干湿交替灌溉稻田土壤氮含量，从而减少活性气态氮损失和全球增温潜势，并同步实现稻米产量的增加。

Abstract

Biochar (BC) demonstrates considerable potential for reducing nitrogen emissions and improving crop yield. However, it frequently exhibits limited capacity and may increase ammonia (NH₃) volatilization. Nano-biochar (NBC) is attracting growing attention due to its higher surface energy, but there is a lack of information for rice production systems, especially under alternate wetting and drying (AWD). Therefore，a two-year field experiment was conducted in 2023 and 2024, involving six treatments: continuous flooding (CF) without BC (I_CFB₀), AWD without BC (I_AWDB₀), AWD with 20 t ha^-1 BC (I_AWDB₂₀), AWD with 5,10 and 20 t ha^-1 NBC (I_AWDNB₅, I_AWDNB₁₀ and I_AWDNB₂₀). Their effects on reactive gaseous nitrogen losses (NH₃and N₂O; Nr), floodwater nitrogen, soil environment variables, nitrogen uptake, grain yield, and nitrogen-related global warming potential (GWP_N) were evaluated. Results showed that there was no significant difference in NH₃ volatilization and grain yield between I_AWDB₀ and I_CFB₀ treatments, but AWD increased N₂O emission by 41.71-53.25%. Compared with without BC addition, NBC application increased soil mineral nitrogen while decreasing floodwater NH₄⁺-N, thereby reducing NH₃ volatilization, N₂O emission, Nr and GWP_N by 5.92-34.41%, 9.95-25.49%, 6.37-33.39%, 12.20-26.11%, respectively, in AWD paddy fields. Compared to I_AWDB₂₀, I_AWDNB₂₀ reduced NH₃ volatilization, N₂O emission, Nr losses and GWP_N by 12.97-13.45%, 9.47-17.26%, 13.69%, 9.95-17.89%, respectively, and I_AWDNB₁₀ showed no significant difference in 2023, but significantly reduced N₂O emission, lowering GWP_N by 7.81% in 2024. NBC also promoted aboveground dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in rice plants, ultimately increasing grain yield by 1.95-12.25%, and no significant difference was observed between I_AWDNB₁₀ and I_AWDB₂₀. Therefore, even with the biochar application rate halved, NBC can still enhance soil nitrogen content, thereby mitigating Nr losses and GWP_N, while simultaneously improving grain yield in AWD paddy fields.

Keywords: nano-biochar paddy soil NH3 volatilization N₂O emission grain yield

Online: 22 December 2025

Fund:

This work was supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2023M742952), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (BK20220594), the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52509073).

About author: #Correspondence Yidi Sun, E-mail: yidisun0626@outlook.com; Jianchang Yang, E-mail: jcyang@yzu.edu.cn * These authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship.

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Yidi Sun, Tao Zong, Yuhao Zhou, Jianchang Yang, Xiaoping Xin, Weiyang Zhang, Wenhao Fang, Tong Shen. 2025. Nano-biochar amendment reduces reactive gaseous nitrogen losses and improves grain yield in alternate wetting and drying paddy fields. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.12.040

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