Biochar's superior surface properties over straw contribute to soil N losses reduction and crop yield improvement

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.07.008

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Debo He¹^,⁴^,⁵, Dongni Hu¹^,²^,⁴, Jinbo Zhang³, Zhixin Dong¹^,^4#, Bo Zhu¹^,^4#

¹Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China

²Regional Geological Survey Brigade of Sichuan Bureau of Geology, Chengdu 610041, China

³Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210000, China

⁴Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Process and Ecological Regulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China

^eUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Highlights

l Biochar could effectively reduce soil nitrogen losses and increase crop yields.

l The nitrogen use efficiency of biochar was 25.3% higher than that of straw.

l Biochar superior surface properties enhanced NO₃^--N and NH₄⁺-N adsorption in soil.

l biochar increased NH₃ volatilization risks by enhancing urease functional genes.

Abstract
References

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摘要

过量的氮（nitrogen, N）流失严重威胁可持续的农业和生态发展。近年来，秸秆和生物炭（biochar, BC）在农田中被广泛应用以减少土壤N流失，但其性质影响土壤N循环和流失的机制尚不明确。本研究通过培养实验和田间试验，探讨了BC和秸秆施用对土壤N转化和作物产量的影响。此外，我们通过密度泛函理论（density functional theory, DFT）计算分析了秸秆与BC在分子尺度上对土壤N流失的差异性影响。研究结果表明，当BC施用量为3.0%（重量百分比）时，其促进土壤N转化的效果最为显著。BC优于秸秆的表面特性增强其与NO₃⁻-N和NH₄⁺-N的相互作用及吸附能，使其在田间试验中相较于秸秆，土壤N流失量减少20.2%。相对于对照组，BC施用能通过调控微生物功能基因和削弱土壤反硝化作用，减少45.0%的土壤N₂O排放量。尽管BC通过改善尿素酶功能基因（ureC、UreB）使土壤NH3挥发量增加，但与秸秆相比，它提高了25.3%的作物氮利用效率。因此，在钙质紫色土壤中，3.0%（质量分数）的BC含量在增强N循环、减少N流失和提高作物产量方面表现优于秸秆。综上所述，本研究的结论为优化农田BC应用策略和提升土壤肥力以实现可持续农业与生态发展提供了关键的理论依据。

Abstract

Excessive nitrogen (N) losses from cropland are serious threats to sustainable agricultural and ecological development. Recently, straw and biochar (BC) have been widely applied in cropland to reduce soil N losses, but the mechanisms by which their physicochemical properties affect soil N cycling and soil N losses remain unclear. This study investigated the responses of soil N transformation and crop yield on BC and straw applications through incubation and field experiments. Density function theory (DFT) calculations were performed to determine the different impacts of straw and BC on soil N losses at the molecular scale. Our results indicated that BC application at a weight percent of 3 (3.0wt %) exhibited superior performance in promoting soil N transformation. The superior physicochemical properties of BC over straw contributed to enhanced interaction and adsorption energies with NO₃^--N and NH₄⁺-N, which reduced soil N losses by 20.2% from interflow of field experiment compared to straw. BC application reduced soil N₂O by 45.0% compared to the field with conventional fertilization by modulating the functional genes of microorganisms and weakening the soil denitrification. Although BC increased soil NH₃ volatilization by improving urease functional genes (ureC, UreB) compared to straw, it also significantly improved N use efficiency in 25.3% of the crops compared to straw. Thus, in calcareous purple soils, 3.0 wt% BC content provided superior performance in terms of enhanced N cycling, reduced N losses and improved crop yields compared to straw. In conclusion, these findings provide insights into optimizing cropland BC application and enhancing soil fertility for sustainable agricultural and ecological developments.

Keywords: soil nitrogen losses soil nitrogen cycle biochar straw density functional theory calculation

Online: 07 July 2025

Fund:

The Major project of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China (NK2022180303) and the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U20A20107) supported this work.

About author: #Correspondence Bo Zhu, E-mail: bzhu_imde@163.com; Zhixin Dong, E-mail: zhxdong@imde.ac.cn

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Debo He, Dongni Hu, Jinbo Zhang, Zhixin Dong, Bo Zhu. 2025. Biochar's superior surface properties over straw contribute to soil N losses reduction and crop yield improvement. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.07.008

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