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Biochar amendment modulates xylem ionic constituents and ABA signaling: its implications in enhancing water-use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.) under reduced irrigation regimes
Heng Wan1, 4, Zhenhua Wei1*, Chunshuo Liu1, Xin Yang6, Yaosheng Wang5, Fulai Liu2, 3#

1 Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest AF University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China

2 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, Taastrup DK-2630, Denmark

3 Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 380 Huaibeizhuang, Beijing 101499, China

4 Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands

5 State Engineering Laboratory of Efficient Water Use of Crops and Disaster Loss Mitigation, Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

 6 Institute of Facility AgricultureGuangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China

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Abstract  While biochar amendment is known to enhance plant productivity and water-use efficiency (WUE), particularly under water-limited conditions, the specific mechanisms driving these benefits remain largely elusive.  Thus, the present study was conducted to elucidate the synergistic effects of biochar and reduced irrigation on maize (Zea mays L.) plants, focusing on xylem composition, root-to-shoot signaling, stomatal behavior, and WUE.  Maize plants were cultivated in split-root pots filled with clay loam soil, amended by either wheat-straw (WSB) or softwood (SWB) biochar at 2% (w/w).  Plants received full (FI), deficit (DI), or alternate partial root-zone drying (PRD) irrigation from the fourth leaf to the grain-filling stage.  Our results revealed that WSB amendment significantly enhanced plant water status, biomass accumulation, and WUE under reduced irrigation, particularly when combined with PRD.  Although reduced irrigation inhibited photosynthesis, it enhanced WUE by modulating stomatal morphology and conductance. Biochar amendment combined with reduced irrigation significantly increased xylem K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NO3-, Cl-, PO43-, and SO42- while decreased Na+, which in turn lowered xylem pH.  Moreover, biochar amendment and especially WSB amendment further resulted in increased abscisic acid (ABA) contents in both leaf and xylem sap under reduced irrigation conditions due to changes in xylem ionic constituents and pH.  The synergistic interactions between xylem components and ABA led to refined adjustments in stomatal size and density, thereby affecting stomatal conductance and ultimately improving WUE of maize plants at different scales.  The combined application of WSB and PRD can therefore emerge as a promising approach for improving the overall plant performance of maize plants with increased stomatal adaptations and WUE especially under water-limited conditions.
Keywords:  biochar       alternate partial root-zone drying irrigation              xylem composition              abscisic acid              stomatal morphology              stomatal conductance  
Online: 24 April 2024  
Fund: This work was supported by the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province, China (2024JC-YBQN-0491). Heng Wan would like to appreciate the Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) (No. 202206300064). We would like to thank the College of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University for providing seeds in this experiment. We sincerely thank Dr. Loes van Schaik from the group of Soil Physics and Land Management, University of Wageningen, for language, wording, paraphrasing, and sentence structure corrections to this manuscript.
About author:  Heng Wan, Mobile: +86-15754881557, E-mail: heng.wan@wur.nl; #Correspondence Zhenhua Wei, E-mail: hnpdswzh@163.com; Fulai Liu, E-mail: fl@plen.ku.dk

Cite this article: 

Heng Wan, Zhenhua Wei, Chunshuo Liu, Xin Yang, Yaosheng Wang, Fulai Liu. 2024. Biochar amendment modulates xylem ionic constituents and ABA signaling: its implications in enhancing water-use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.) under reduced irrigation regimes. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2024.03.073

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