Productivity and economic benefits of winter wheat in Northwest China by optimizing irrigation and planting density

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.07.005

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Muhammad Fraz Ali¹, Liijuan Ma¹, Irsa Ejaz², Wanrui Han¹, Shengnan Wang¹, Xiang Lin¹, Dong Wang¹^#

¹ State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

² Department of Crop Science, Division of Agronomy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany

Highlights

· Optimized irrigation at jointing enhanced grain yield and net economic benefits.

· Lower planting density enhanced DMA, SPAD, and LAI, significantly improving yield

· Reduction in irrigation at key growth stages enhanced WUE by mitigating evapotranspiration

· Integrated optimization of irrigation and planting density offers improved productivity and farm income in semi-arid Northwest China.

Abstract
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摘要

冬小麦是中国西北地区的重要主粮作物，但由于水资源限制和种植密度不佳，其产量和经济效益的提升仍面临挑战。本研究评估了灌溉方案与种植密度（PD）对冬小麦产量、资源利用效率和净经济效益（NEB）的综合影响。通过为期两年的田间试验，设置了四种灌溉处理（I1，无灌溉；I2，冬前和拔节期灌溉；I3，拔节期灌溉；I4，拔节期和开花期灌溉）和三个种植密度处理（PD1，562.5×10⁴ 株/公顷；PD2，375×10⁴ 株/公顷；PD3，187.5×10⁴ 株/公顷），确定了节水灌溉和种植密度的最佳组合，以实现籽粒产量最大化和水资源生产效率的提升。结果表明，低种植密度（187.5×10⁴ 株/公顷）下适当减少灌溉次数显著提高了干物质积累量（DMA）、SPAD值和叶面积指数（LAI），从而提升了籽粒产量。在较高种植密度下，仅在拔节期适度灌溉（I3）就可使籽粒产量较其他灌溉处理提高18.42%，而在中等种植密度下I3灌溉籽粒产量最高，达6,310 kg ha⁻¹。减少特定生育时期的灌溉，缓解了过度蒸散，水分利用效率（WUE）显著提高。PD3-I3组合在2022-23年和2023-24年的净经济效益分别比PD3条件下的I1、I2和I4处理高出11.9%、18.4%、16.4%和15.1%、14.0%、8.4%。这些发现为小麦可持续生产提供了实践指导，确保在节约水资源的同时提高盈利能力。灌溉方案和种植密度的协同优化为中国西北半干旱地区的粮食安全和农业收入的提升提供了战略路径。

Abstract

Winter wheat is a key staple crop in Northwest China, yet optimizing its productivity and economic returns remains a challenge due to water constraints and suboptimal planting densities. This study evaluates the combined effects of irrigation strategies and planting density (PD) on winter wheat yield, resource-use efficiency, and net economic benefits (NEB). A two-year field experiments were conducted under four irrigation treatments (I1, no irrigation; I2, before winter and jointing; I3, jointing; I4, jointing and anthesis) and three PD treatments (PD1, 562.5×10⁴ plants ha^-1; PD2, 375 ×10⁴ plants ha^-1; PD3, 187.5×10⁴ plants ha^-1). Through field trials, we identified optimal water-saving irrigation regimes and planting densities that maximize grain yield while enhancing water productivity. Our results demonstrated that lower PD (187.5×10⁴ plants ha⁻¹) under reduced irrigation significantly improved dry matter accumulation (DMA), SPAD, and leaf area index (LAI), leading to higher grain yield. Moderate irrigation at the jointing stage (I3) enhanced grain yield in higher planting densities by up to 18.42% compared to other irrigation regimes, while the highest overall yield (6,310 kg ha⁻¹) was achieved in medium PD under I3 irrigation. Water-use efficiency (WUE) was significantly improved by reducing irrigation at specific growth stages, mitigating excessive evapotranspiration. The PD3-I3 achieved the highest NEB, exceeding I1, I2, and I4 by 11.9, 18.4, and 16.4% in 2022-23, and by 15.1, 14.0, and 8.4% in 2023-24, respectively. The findings provide practical insights for sustainable wheat production, ensuring higher profitability while conserving water resources. Implementing optimized irrigation and PD strategies offers a strategic pathway to improving food security and farm income in the semi-arid regions of Northwest China.

Keywords: grain yield irrigation net economic benefits planting density water use efficiency winter wheat

Online: 05 July 2025

Fund:

This work was supported by the Open Project of Shaanxi Laboratory for Agriculture in Arid Areas, China (2024ZY-JCYJ-02-30), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFD2300205), the Key Research and Development Technology Projects in Shaanxi Province, China (2023-ZDLNY-01).

About author: #Correspondence E-mail: wangd@nwafu.edu.cn

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Muhammad Fraz Ali, Liijuan Ma, Irsa Ejaz, Wanrui Han, Shengnan Wang, Xiang Lin, Dong Wang#Muhammad Fraz Ali, Liijuan Ma, Irsa Ejaz, Wanrui Han, Shengnan Wang, Xiang Lin, Dong Wang. 2025. Productivity and economic benefits of winter wheat in Northwest China by optimizing irrigation and planting density. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.07.005

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