Please wait a minute...
Journal of Integrative Agriculture  2021, Vol. 20 Issue (1): 4-23    DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63227-0
Special Issue: 油料作物合辑Oil Crops
Review Advanced Online Publication | Current Issue | Archive | Adv Search |
Crop photosynthetic response to light quality and light intensity
Iram SHAFIQ1, 2*, Sajad HUSSAIN1, 2*, Muhammad Ali RAZA1, 2, Nasir IQBAL1, 2, Muhammad Ahsan ASGHAR1, 2, Ali RAZA1, 2, FAN Yuan-fang1, 2, Maryam MUMTAZ1, Muhammad SHOAIB3, Muhammad ANSAR4, Abdul MANAF4, YANG Wen-yu1, 2, YANG Feng1, 2 
1 College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R.China  
2 Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping, Chengdu 611130, P.R.China
3 College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R.China
4 Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab 46300, Pakistan
Download:  PDF in ScienceDirect  
Export:  BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)      
摘要  

在自然条件下,植物经常遭受各种生物和非生物因素胁迫而影响其生长和发育,特别是限制作物的生产能力。在影响植物光合作用的各种非生物因素中,光是驱动植物碳代谢和维持地球生命的重要因素,而光环境中光强和光质的变化极大地影响植物的光合作用以及其形态,生理和生化参数,且不同植物对光强和光质的响应不同,与其生长的环境条件有关。目前,大量研究报道了光照强度是如何影响作物的生长和发育,而本综述归纳总结了光环境中不同光质成分和光强对作物的叶片形态和解剖结构,气孔发育,光合作用,色素组成,活性氧,抗氧化酶和激素动态等相关参数的影响,旨在为作物光合作用对光强和光质的响应机制研究提供理论支撑。




Abstract  
Under natural conditions, plants constantly encounter various biotic and abiotic factors, which can potentially restrict plant growth and development and even limit crop productivity.  Among various abiotic factors affecting plant photosynthesis, light serves as an important factor that drives carbon metabolism in plants and supports life on earth.  The two components of light (light quality and light intensity) greatly affect plant photosynthesis and other plant’s morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters.  The response of plants to different spectral radiations and intensities differs in various species and also depends on growing conditions.  To date, much research has been conducted regarding how different spectral radiations of varying intensity can affect plant growth and development.  This review is an effort to briefly summarize the available information on the effects of light components on various plant parameters such as stem and leaf morphology and anatomy, stomatal development, photosynthetic apparatus, pigment composition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, antioxidants, and hormone production.
 
Keywords:  light intensity        light quality        photosynthesis       , stomatal development        pigment composition        reactive oxygen species        antioxidants       plant hormones  
Received: 06 October 2019   Accepted:
Fund: The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31571615) and the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-04-PS19).
Corresponding Authors:  Correspondence YANG Feng, Tel: +86-28-86290960, E-mail: f.yang@sicau.edu.cn; YANG Wen-yu, E-mail: mssiyangwy@sicau.edu.cn   
About author:  * These authors contributed equally to this study.

Cite this article: 

Iram SHAFIQ, Sajad HUSSAIN, Muhammad Ali RAZA, Nasir IQBAL, Muhammad Ahsan ASGHAR, Ali RAZA, FAN Yuan-fang, Maryam MUMTAZ, Muhammad SHOAIB, Muhammad ANSAR, Abdul MANAF, YANG Wen-yu, YANG Feng. 2021. Crop photosynthetic response to light quality and light intensity. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(1): 4-23.

Adams III W W, Demmig-Adams B. 1994. Carotenoid composition and down regulation of photosystem II in three conifer species during the winter. Physiologia Plantarum, 92, 451–458.
Ahmed C B, Rouina B B, Sensoy S, Boukhris M, Abdallah F B. 2009. Changes in gas exchange, proline accumulation and antioxidative enzyme activities in three olive cultivars under contrasting water availability regimes. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 67, 345–352.
Ajmi A, Vázquez S, Morales F, Chaari A, El-Jendoubi H, Abadía A, Larbi A. 2018. Prolonged artificial shade affects morphological, anatomical, biochemical and ecophysiological behavior of young olive trees (cv. Arbosana). Scientia Horticulturae, 241, 275–284.
Ali M B, Hahn E J, Paek K Y. 2005. Effects of light intensities on antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde content during short-term acclimatization on micropropagated Phalaenopsis plantlet. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 54, 109–120.
Allen R D. 1995. Dissection of oxidative stress tolerance using transgenic plants. Plant Physiology, 107, 1049.
Anderson J M, Chow W S, Park Y I. 1995. The grand design of photosynthesis: Acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus to environmental cues. Photosynthesis Research, 46, 129–139.
Anderson J V, Chevone B I, Hess J L. 1992. Seasonal variation in the antioxidant system of eastern white pine needles: Evidence for thermal dependence. Plant Physiology, 98, 501–508.
Apel K, Hirt H. 2004. Reactive oxygen species: Metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 55, 373–399.
Appelgren M. 1991. Effects of light quality on stem elongation of Pelargonium in vitro. Scientia Horticulturae, 45, 345–351.
Asada K. 1999. The water-water cycle in chloroplasts: Scavenging of active oxygens and dissipation of excess photons. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 50, 601–639.
Asada K. 2000. The water-water cycle as alternative photon and electron sinks. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Series B: Biological Sciences), 355, 1419–1431.
Assmann S. 1992. Effects of light quantity and quality during development on the morphology and stomatal physiology of Commelina communis. Oecologia, 92, 188–195.
Balegh S, Biddulph O. 1970. The photosynthetic action spectrum of the bean plant. Plant Physiology, 46,1–5.
Ballaré C L, Pierik R. 2017. The shade-avoidance syndrome: Multiple signals and ecological consequences. Plant, Cell & Environment, 40, 2530–2543.
Ballaré C L, Scopel A L, Sánchez R A. 1990. Far-red radiation reflected from adjacent leaves: An early signal of competition in plant canopies. Science, 247, 329–332.
Barreiro R, Guiamét J J, Beltrano J, Montaldi E R. 1992. Regulation of the photosynthetic capacity of primary bean leaves by the red:far-red ratio and photosynthetic photon flux density of incident light. Physiologia Plantarum, 85, 97–101.
Beall F D, Yeung E C, Pharis R P. 1996. Far-red light stimulates internode elongation, cell division, cell elongation, and gibberellin levels in bean. Canadian Journal of Botany, 74, 743–752.
Bertel C, Schönswetter P, Frajman B, Holzinger A, Neuner G. 2017. Leaf anatomy of two reciprocally non-monophyletic mountain plants (Heliosperma spp.): Does heritable adaptation to divergent growing sites accompany the onset of speciation? Protoplasma, 254, 1411–1420.
Bjorkman O. 1968. Further studies on differentiation of photosynthetic properties in sun and shade ecotypes of ”Solidago virgaurea”. Physiologia Plantarum, 21, 84–99.
Blokhina O, Virolainen E, Fagerstedt K V. 2003. Antioxidants, oxidative damage and oxygen deprivation stress: A review. Annals of Botany, 91, 179–194.
Boardman N. 1977. Comparative photosynthesis of sun and shade plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 28, 355–377.
Boccalandro H E, Ploschuk E L, Yanovsky M J, Sánchez R A, Gatz C, Casal J J. 2003. Increased phytochrome B alleviates density effects on tuber yield of field potato crops. Plant Physiology, 133, 1539–1546.
Boomsma C R, Santini J B, Tollenaar M, Vyn T J. 2009. Maize morphophysiological responses to intense crowding and low nitrogen availability: An analysis and review. Agronomy Journal, 101, 1426–1452.
Brouwer B, Gardeström P, Keech O. 2014. In response to partial plant shading, the lack of phytochrome A does not directly induce leaf senescence but alters the fine-tuning of chlorophyll biosynthesis. Journal of Experimental Botany, 65, 4037–4049.
Bukhov N, Drozdova I, Bondar V. 1995. Light response curves of photosynthesis in leaves of sun-type and shade-type plants grown in blue or red light. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology (B: Biology), 30, 39–41.
Burkle L A, Logan B A. 2003. Seasonal acclimation of photosynthesis in eastern Hemlock and Partridgeberry in different light environments. Northeastern Naturalist, 10, 1–17.
Callejón-Ferre A, Manzano-Agugliaro F, Díaz-Pérez M, Carreño-Ortega A, Pérez-Alonso J. 2009. Effect of shading with aluminised screens on fruit production and quality in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under greenhouse conditions. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 7, 41–49.
Carabelli M, Possenti M, Sessa G, Ciolfi A, Sassi M, Morelli G, Ruberti I. 2007. Canopy shade causes a rapid and transient arrest in leaf development through auxin-induced cytokinin oxidase activity. Genes & Development, 21,1863–1868.
Carriedo L G, Maloof J N, Brady S M. 2016. Molecular control of crop shade avoidance. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 30, 151–158.
Casal J J. 2012. Shade avoidance. The Arabidopsis Book/American Society of Plant Biologists, 10, e0157.
Chang S X, Li C X, Yao X Y, Chen S, Jiao X L, Liu X Y, Xu Z G, Guan R Z. 2016. Morphological, photosynthetic, and physiological responses of rapeseed leaf to different combinations of red and blue lights at the rosette stage. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, 1144.
Chen Z H, Hills A, Lim C K, Blatt M R. 2010. Dynamic regulation of guard cell anion channels by cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration and protein phosphorylation. The Plant Journal, 61, 816–825.
Cui H, Jin L, Li B, Zhang J, Zhao B, Dong S, Liu P. 2012. Effects of shading on stalks morphology, structure and lodging of summer maize in field. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 45, 3497–3505. (in Chinese)
Distefano G, Cirilli M, Las Casas G, La Malfa S, Continella A, Rugini E, Thomas B, Long G, Gentile A, Muleo R. 2013. Ectopic expression of Arabidopsis phytochrome B in Troyer citrange affects photosynthesis and plant morphology. Scientia Horticulturae, 159, 1–7.
Doulis A, Hausladen A, Mondy B, Alscher R, Chevone B, Hess J, Weiser R. 1993. Antioxidant response and winter hardiness in red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.). New Phytologist, 123, 365–374.
Duysens L, Amesz J. 1962. Function and identification of two photochemical systems in photosynthesis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 64, 243–260.
Escoubas J M, Lomas M, LaRoche J, Falkowski P G. 1995. Light intensity regulation of cab gene transcription is signaled by the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92, 10237–10241.
Esterbauer H, Grill D. 1978. Seasonal variation of glutathione and glutathione reductase in needles of Picea abies. Plant Physiology, 61, 119–121.
Evans J R, Kaldenhoff R, Genty B, Terashima I. 2009. Resistances along the CO2 diffusion pathway inside leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany, 60, 2235–2248.
Fan X, Zang J, Xu Z, Guo S, Jiao X, Liu X, Gao Y. 2013. Effects of different light quality on growth, chlorophyll concentration and chlorophyll biosynthesis precursors of non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.). Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 35, 2721–2726.
Fan X X, Xu Z G, Liu X Y, Tang C M, Wang L W, Han X l. 2013. Effects of light intensity on the growth and leaf development of young tomato plants grown under a combination of red and blue light. Scientia Horticulturae, 153, 50–55.
Fan Y, Chen J, Cheng Y, Raza M A, Wu X, Wang Z, Liu Q, Wang R, Wang X, Yong T. 2018. Effect of shading and light recovery on the growth, leaf structure, and photosynthetic performance of soybean in a maize-soybean relay-strip intercropping system. PLoS ONE, 13, e198159.
Folta K M. 2004. Green light stimulates early stem elongation, antagonizing light-mediated growth inhibition. Plant Physiology, 135, 1407–1416.
Folta K M, Maruhnich S A. 2007. Green light: A signal to slow down or stop. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58, 3099–3111.
Foyer C H. 2018. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative signaling and the regulation of photosynthesis. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 154, 134–142.
Foyer C H, Ruban A V, Noctor G. 2017. Viewing oxidative stress through the lens of oxidative signalling rather than damage. Portland Press Limited, 474, 877–833.
Franklin K A. 2008. Shade avoidance. New Phytologist, 179, 930–944.
Franklin K A. 2016. Photomorphogenesis: Plants feel blue in the shade. Current Biology, 26, R1275–R1276.
Frechilla S, Talbott L D, Bogomolni R A, Zeiger E. 2000. Reversal of blue light-stimulated stomatal opening by green light. Plant and Cell Physiology, 41, 71–176.
Gay A, Hurd R. 1975. The influence of light on stomatal density in the tomato. New Phytologist, 75, 37–46.
Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar H Z, Rahmat A, Wahab P E M, Halim M R A. 2010. Effect of different light intensities on total phenolics and flavonoids synthesis and anti-oxidant activities in young ginger varieties (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 11, 3885–3897.
Glick B R. 2014. Bacteria with ACC deaminase can promote plant growth and help to feed the world. Microbiological Research, 169, 30–39.
G?owacka B. 2004. The effect of blue light on the height and habit of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) transplant. Folia Horticulturae, 16, 3–10.
Gommers C M, Visser E J, St Onge K R, Voesenek L A, Pierik R. 2013. Shade tolerance: When growing tall is not an option. Trends in Plant Science, 18, 65–71.
Gong W, Jiang C, Wu Y, Chen H, Liu W, Yang W. 2015. Tolerance vs. avoidance: Two strategies of soybean (Glycine max) seedlings in response to shade in intercropping. Photosynthetica, 53, 259–268.
Gong W, Qi P, Du J, Sun X, Wu X, Song C, Liu W, Wu Y, Yu X, Yong T. 2014. Transcriptome analysis of shade-induced inhibition on leaf size in relay intercropped soybean. PLoS ONE, 9, e98465.
Gould K S, Dudle D A, Neufeld H S. 2010. Why some stems are red: Cauline anthocyanins shield photosystem II against high light stress. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61, 2707–2717.
Goyal A, Szarzynska B, Fankhauser C. 2013. Phototropism: At the crossroads of light-signaling pathways. Trends in Plant Science, 18, 393–401.
Grace S C, Logan B A. 1996. Acclimation of foliar antioxidant systems to growth irradiance in three broad-leaved evergreen species. Plant Physiology, 112, 1631–1640.
Granado-Yela C, García-Verdugo C, Carrillo K, Rubio de Casas R, Kleczkowski L A, Balaguer L. 2011. Temporal matching among diurnal photosynthetic patterns within the crown of the evergreen sclerophyll Olea europaea L. Plant, Cell & Environment, 34, 800–810.
Green-Tracewicz E, Page E R, Swanton C J. 2011. Shade avoidance in soybean reduces branching and increases plant-to-plant variability in biomass and yield per plant. Weed Science, 59, 43–49.
Gregoriou K, Pontikis K, Vemmos S. 2007. Effects of reduced irradiance on leaf morphology, photosynthetic capacity, and fruit yield in olive (Olea europaea L.). Photosynthetica, 45, 172–181.
Guy C, Carter J V. 1984. Characterization of partially purified glutathione reductase from cold-hardened and nonhardened spinach leaf tissue. Cryobiology, 21, 454–464.
Habermann H M. 1973. Evidence for two photoreactions and possible involvement of phytochrome in light-dependent stomatal opening. Plant Physiology, 51, 543–548.
Han S, Chen S, Song A, Liu R, Li H, Jiang J, Chen F. 2017. Photosynthetic responses of Chrysanthemum morifolium to growth irradiance: Morphology, anatomy and chloroplast ultrastructure. Photosynthetica, 55, 184–192.
Hasanuzzaman M, Hossain M A, Fujita M. 2011. Nitric oxide modulates antioxidant defense and the methylglyoxal detoxification system and reduces salinity-induced damage of wheat seedlings. Plant Biotechnology Reports, 5, 353.
Hasanuzzaman M, Hossain M A, Fujita M. 2012. Exogenous selenium pretreatment protects rapeseed seedlings from cadmium-induced oxidative stress by upregulating antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification systems. Biological Trace Element Research, 149, 248–261.
Hattori T, Sonobe K, Inanaga S, An P, Tsuji W, Araki H, Eneji A E, Morita S. 2007. Short term stomatal responses to light intensity changes and osmotic stress in sorghum seedlings raised with and without silicon. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 60, 177–182.
He B, Chen Y, Zhang H, Xia C, Zhang Q, Li W. 2018. The effect of colored plastic films on the photosynthetic characteristics and content of active ingredients of Dysosma versipellis. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology, 59, 519–528.
Heo J, Lee C, Chakrabarty D, Paek K. 2002. Growth responses of marigold and salvia bedding plants as affected by monochromic or mixture radiation provided by a light-emitting diode (LED). Plant Growth Regulation, 38, 225–230.
Heraut-Bron V, Robin C, Varlet-Grancher C, Afif D, Guckert A. 2000. Light quality (red:far-red ratio): Does it affect photosynthetic activity, net CO2 assimilation, and morphology of young white clover leaves? Canadian Journal of Botany, 77, 1425–1431.
Hill R, Bendall F. 1960. Function of the two cytochrome components in chloroplasts: A working hypothesis. Nature, 186, 136–137.
Huang W, Zhang S B, Liu T. 2018. Moderate photoinhibition of photosystem II significantly affects linear electron flow in the shade-demanding plant Panax notoginseng. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 637.
Hussain S, Iqbal N, Brestic M, Raza M A, Pang T, Langham D R, Safdar M E, Ahmed S, Wen B, Gao Y. 2019a. Changes in morphology, chlorophyll fluorescence performance and Rubisco activity of soybean in response to foliar application of ionic titanium under normal light and shade environment. Science of the Total Environment, 658, 626–637.
Hussain S, Iqbal N, Rahman T, Ting L, Brestic M, Safdar M E, Asghar M A, Farooq M U, Shafiq I, Ali A. 2019b. Shade effect on carbohydrates dynamics and stem strength of soybean genotypes. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 162, 374–382.
Hussain S, Iqbal N, Raza M A, Khan M N, Ahmed S, Rahman T, Chen P, Wang X, Du X, Liu W, Yang W. 2019c. Distribution and effects of ionic titanium application on energy partitioning and quantum yield of soybean under different light conditions. Photosynthetica, 57, 572–580.
Hussain S, Iqbal N, Ting P, Khan M N, Liu W, Yang W. 2019d. Weak stem under shade reveals the lignin reduction behavior. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 18, 496–505.
Hussain S, Ting L, Nasir I, Brestic M, Ting P, Mumtaz M, Shafiq I, Li S, Wang L, Yang G. 2020. Effects of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, sucrose and monosaccharaides carbohydrates on soybean physical stem strength and yield in intercropping. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 19, 462–472.
Inada K. 1976. Action spectra for photosynthesis in higher plants. Plant and Cell Physiology, 17, 355–365.
Islam M A, Tarkowská D, Clarke J L, Blystad D R, Gislerød H R, Torre S, Olsen J E. 2014. Impact of end-of-day red and far-red light on plant morphology and hormone physiology of poinsettia. Scientia Horticulturae, 174, 77–86.
Ivanov A G, Rosso D, Savitch L V, Stachula P, Rosembert M, Oquist G, Hurry V, Hüner N P. 2012. Implications of alternative electron sinks in increased resistance of PSII and PSI photochemistry to high light stress in cold-acclimated Arabidopsis thaliana. Photosynthesis Research, 113, 191–206.
Jansen M A, Mattoo A K, Edelman M. 1999. D1-D2 protein degradation in the chloroplast: Complex light saturation kinetics. European Journal of Biochemistry, 260, 527–532.
Jiang C D, Wang X, Gao H Y, Shi L, Chow W S. 2011. Systemic regulation of leaf anatomical structure, photosynthetic performance, and high-light tolerance in sorghum. Plant physiology, 155, 1416–1424.
Johkan M, Shoji K, Goto F, Hahida S N, Yoshihara T. 2012. Effect of green light wavelength and intensity on photomorphogenesis and photosynthesis in Lactuca sativa. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 75, 128–133.
Johkan M, Shoji K, Goto F, Hashida S, Yoshihara T. 2010. Blue light-emitting diode light irradiation of seedlings improves seedling quality and growth after transplanting in red leaf lettuce. HortScience, 45, 1809–1814.
Kalve S, Fotschki J, Beeckman T, Vissenberg K, Beemster G T. 2014. Three-dimensional patterns of cell division and expansion throughout the development of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany, 5, 6385–6397.
Kang C Y, Lian H L, Wang F F, Huang J R, Yang H Q. 2009. Cryptochromes, phytochromes, and COP1 regulate light-controlled stomatal development in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 21, 2624–2641.
Kardiman R, Ræbild A. 2017. Relationship between stomatal density, size and speed of opening in Sumatran rainforest species. Tree Physiology, 38, 696–705.
Keren N, Berg A, Van Kan P J, Levanon H, Ohad I. 1997. Mechanism of photosystem II photoinactivation and D1 protein degradation at low light: The role of back electron flow. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 1579–1584.
Keuskamp D H, Sasidharan R, Pierik R. 2010. Physiological regulation and functional significance of shade avoidance responses to neighbors. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 5, 655–662.
Kim G T, Yano S, Kozuka T, Tsukaya H. 2005. Photomorphogenesis of leaves: Shade-avoidance and differentiation of sun and shade leaves. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 4, 770–774.
Kim H H, Goins G D, Wheeler R M, Sager J C. 2004a. Green-light supplementation for enhanced lettuce growth under red-and blue-light-emitting diodes. HortScience, 39, 1617–1622.
Kim H H, Goins G D, Wheeler R M, Sager J C. 2004b. Stomatal conductance of lettuce grown under or exposed to different light qualities. Annals of Botany, 94, 691–697.
Kissoudis C, Seifi A, Yan Z, Islam A T M T, van der Schoot H, van de Wiel C, Visser R G, van der Linden C G, Bai Y. 2017. Ethylene and abscisic acid signaling pathways differentially influence tomato resistance to combined powdery mildew and salt stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, 2009.
Knapp A K, Smith W K. 1990. Stomatal and photosynthetic responses to variable sunlight. Physiologia Plantarum, 78, 160–165.
Kobayashi K, Amore T, Lazaro M. 2013. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for miniature hydroponic lettuce. Optics and Photonics Journal, 3, 74.
Koyama K, Ikeda H, Poudel P R, Goto-Yamamoto N. 2012. Light quality affects flavonoid biosynthesis in young berries of Cabernet Sauvignon grape. Phytochemistry, 78, 54–64.
Kozuka T, Horiguchi G, Kim G T, Ohgishi M, Sakai T, Tsukaya H. 2005. The different growth responses of the Arabidopsis thaliana leaf blade and the petiole during shade avoidance are regulated by photoreceptors and sugar. Plant and Cell Physiology, 46, 213–223.
Kreslavski V D, Shirshikova G N, Lyubimov V Y, Shmarev A N, Boutanaev A M, Kosobryukhov A A, Schmitt F J, Friedrich T, Allakhverdiev S I. 2013. Effect of preillumination with red light on photosynthetic parameters and oxidant-/antioxidant balance in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to UV-A. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology (B: Biology), 127, 229–236.
Kreslavskii V, Khristin M, Shabnova N, Lyubimov V Y. 2012. Preillumination of excised spinach leaves with red light increases resistance of photosynthetic apparatus to UV radiation. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 59, 717–723.
Kurepin L V, Emery R N, Pharis R P, Reid D M. 2007a. The interaction of light quality and irradiance with gibberellins, cytokinins and auxin in regulating growth of Helianthus annuus hypocotyls. Plant, Cell & Environment, 30, 147–155.
Kurepin L V, Emery R N, Pharis R P, Reid D M. 2007b. Uncoupling light quality from light irradiance effects in Helianthus annuus shoots: Putative roles for plant hormones in leaf and internode growth. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58, 2145–2157.
Kurepin L V, Walton L J, Hayward A, Emery R N, Pharis R P, Reid D M. 2012. Interactions between plant hormones and light quality signaling in regulating the shoot growth of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Botany, 90, 237–246.
Latowski D, Surówka E, Strza?ka K. 2010. Regulatory role of components of ascorbate-glutathione pathway in plant stress tolerance. In: Anjum N, Chan M T, Umar S, eds., Ascorbate-Glutathione Pathway and Stress Tolerance in Plants. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 1–53.
Lawlor D W, Tezara W. 2009. Causes of decreased photosynthetic rate and metabolic capacity in water-deficient leaf cells: A critical evaluation of mechanisms and integration of processes. Annals of Botany, 103, 561–579.
Lawson T, von Caemmerer S, Baroli I. 2010. Photosynthesis and stomatal behaviour. In: Progress in Botany 72. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 265–304.
Lee S C, Kim J H, Jeong S M, Kim D R, Ha J U, Nam K, Ahn D. 2003. Effect of far-infrared radiation on the antioxidant activity of rice hulls. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 4400–4403.
Li L, Ljung K, Breton G, Schmitz R J, Pruneda-Paz J, Cowing-Zitron C, Cole B J, Ivans L J, Pedmale U V, Jung H S. 2012. Linking photoreceptor excitation to changes in plant architecture. Genes & Development, 26, 785–790.
Li R, Wen T, Tang Y, Sun X, Xia C. 2014. Effect of shading on photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of soybean. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 23, 198–206. (in Chinese)
Li T, Heuvelink E, Dueck T, Janse J, Gort G, Marcelis L. 2014. Enhancement of crop photosynthesis by diffuse light: Quantifying the contributing factors. Annals of Botany, 114, 145–156.
Li X, Yang Y, Yao J, Chen G, Li X, Zhang Q, Wu C. 2009. FLEXIBLE CULM 1 encoding a cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase controls culm mechanical strength in rice. Plant Molecular Biology, 69, 685–697.
Lichtenthaler H, Buschmann C, Döll M, Fietz H J, Bach T, Kozel U, Meier D, Rahmsdorf U. 1981. Photosynthetic activity, chloroplast ultrastructure, and leaf characteristics of high-light and low-light plants and of sun and shade leaves. Photosynthesis Research, 2, 115–141.
Lichtenthaler H K, A? A, Marek M V, Kalina J, Urban O. 2007. Differences in pigment composition, photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll fluorescence images of sun and shade leaves of four tree species. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 45, 577–588.
Lichtenthaler H K, Buschmann C. 2001. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Measurement and characterization by UV-VIS spectroscopy. Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry, 1, F4–F3.
Lin K H, Huang M Y, Huang W D, Hsu M H, Yang Z W, Yang C M. 2013. The effects of red, blue, and white light-emitting diodes on the growth, development, and edible quality of hydroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata). Scientia Horticulturae, 150, 86–91.
Liu J, Zhang F, Zhou J, Chen F, Wang B, Xie X. 2012. Phytochrome B control of total leaf area and stomatal density affects drought tolerance in rice. Plant Molecular Biology, 78, 289–300.
Liu Q, Xiu W, Chen B, Jie G. 2014. Effects of low light on agronomic and physiological characteristics of rice including grain yield and quality. Rice Science, 21, 243–251.
Liu W, Deng Y, Hussain S, Zou J, Yuan J, Luo L, Yang C, Yuan X, Yang W. 2016. Relationship between cellulose accumulation and lodging resistance in the stem of relay intercropped soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Field Crops Research, 196, 261–267.
Liu W G, Hussain S, Ting L, Zou J, Ren M, Tao Z, Jiang L, Feng Y, Yang W Y. 2019. Shade stress decreases stem strength of soybean through restraining lignin biosynthesis. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 18, 43–53.
Logan B, Barker D, Demmig-Adams B, Adams III W. 1996. Acclimation of leaf carotenoid composition and ascorbate levels to gradients in the light environment within an Australian rainforest. Plant, Cell & Environment, 19, 1083–1090.
Logan B A, Demmig-Adams B, Adams III W W, Grace S C. 1998a. Antioxidants and xanthophyll cycle-dependent energy dissipation in Cucurbita pepo L. and Vinca major L. acclimated to four growth PPFDs in the field. Journal of Experimental Botany, 49, 1869–1879.
Logan B A, Grace S C, Adams III W W, Demmig-Adams B. 1998b. Seasonal differences in xanthophyll cycle characteristics and antioxidants in Mahonia repens growing in different light environments. Oecologia, 116, 9–17.
Logan B A, Kornyeyev D, Hardison J, Holaday A S. 2006. The role of antioxidant enzymes in photoprotection. Photosynthesis Research, 88, 119–132.
Lohrmann N L, Logan B A, Johnson A S. 2004. Seasonal acclimatization of antioxidants and photosynthesis in Chondrus crispus and Mastocarpus stellatus, two co-occurring red algae with differing stress tolerances. The Biological Bulletin, 207, 225–232.
Long S P, Humphries S, Falkowski P G. 1994. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in nature. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 45, 633–662.
Lorrain S, Allen T, Duek P D, Whitelam G C, Fankhauser C. 2008. Phytochrome-mediated inhibition of shade avoidance involves degradation of growth-promoting bHLH transcription factors. The Plant Journal, 53, 312–323.
de Lucas M, Prat S. 2014. PIFs get BR right: Phytochrome  Interacting Factors as integrators of light and hormonal signals. New Phytologist, 202, 1126–1141.
Macedo A F, Leal-Costa M V, Tavares E S, Lage C L S, Esquibel M A. 2011. The effect of light quality on leaf production and development of in vitro-cultured plants of Alternanthera brasiliana Kuntze. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 70, 43–50.
Martinez-Garcia J F, Galstyan A, Salla-Martret M, Cifuentes-Esquivel N, Gallemi M, Bou-Torrent J. 2010. Regulatory components of shade avoidance syndrome. In: Advances in Botanical Research. Elsevier, Academic Press. pp. 65–116.
Mastropasqua L, Borraccino G, Bianco L, Paciolla C. 2012. Light qualities and dose influence ascorbate pool size in detached oat leaves. Plant Science, 183, 57–64.
Matsuda R, Ohashi-Kaneko K, Fujiwara K, Goto E, Kurata K. 2004. Photosynthetic characteristics of rice leaves grown under red light with or without supplemental blue light. Plant and Cell Physiology, 45, 1870–1874.
Matsuda R, Ohashi-Kaneko K, Fujiwara K, Kurata K. 2008. Effects of blue light deficiency on acclimation of light energy partitioning in PSII and CO2 assimilation capacity to high irradiance in spinach leaves. Plant and Cell Physiology, 49, 664–670.
Matthews J S, Vialet-Chabrand S, Lawson T. 2018. Acclimation to fluctuating light impacts the rapidity of response and diurnal rhythm of stomatal conductance. Plant Physiology, 176, 1939–1951.
Mawphlang O I, Kharshiing E V. 2017. Photoreceptor mediated plant growth responses: Implications for photoreceptor engineering toward improved performance in crops. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1181.
McAusland L, Vialet-Chabrand S, Davey P, Baker N R, Brendel O, Lawson T. 2016. Effects of kinetics of light-induced stomatal responses on photosynthesis and water-use efficiency. New Phytologist, 211, 1209–1220.
McCarthy-Suárez I, Gómez M, Del Río L, Palma J. 2011. Role of peroxisomes in the oxidative injury induced by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in leaves of pea plants. Biologia Plantarum, 55, 485–492.
McCourt P, Creelman R. 2008. The ABA receptors - we report you decide. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 11, 474–478.
McCree K J. 1971. The action spectrum, absorptance and quantum yield of photosynthesis in crop plants. Agricultural Meteorology, 9, 191–216.
McLaren J, Smith H. 1978. The function of phytochrome in the natural environment. VI. Phytochrome control of the growth and development of Rumex obtusifolius under simulated canopy light environments. Plant, Cell and Environment, 1, 61–67.
McNellis T W, Deng X W. 1995. Light control of seedling morphogenetic pattern. The Plant Cell, 7, 1749.
Melgar J C, Guidi L, Remorini D, Agati G, Degl’innocenti E, Castelli S, Camilla Baratto M, Faraloni C, Tattini M. 2009. Antioxidant defences and oxidative damage in salt-treated olive plants under contrasting sunlight irradiance. Tree Physiology, 29, 1187–1198.
Melis A. 1991. Dynamics of photosynthetic membrane composition and function. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (Bioenergetics), 1058, 87–106.
Meng L, Chen W, Li L, Xu Z, Liu L, Sun J. 2002. Influence of low light on stomatal characters in rice leaves. Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University, 33, 87–89. (in Chinese)
Miller G, Suzuki N, Ciftci-Yilmaz S, Mittler R. 2010. Reactive oxygen species homeostasis and signalling during drought and salinity stresses. Plant, Cell & Environment, 33, 453–467.
Minguet-Parramona C, Wang Y, Hills A, Vialet-Chabrand S, Griffiths H, Rogers S, Lawson T, Lew V L, Blatt M R. 2016. An optimal frequency in Ca2+ oscillations for stomatal closure is an emergent property of ion transport in guard cells. Plant Physiology, 170, 33–42.
Mishio M, Kawakubo N. 2015. Variations in leaf morpho-anatomy and photosynthetic traits between sun and shade populations of Eurya japonica (Pentaphylacaceae) whose seeds are dispersed by birds across habitats. Plant Species Biology, 30, 147–158.
Mittler R, Blumwald E. 2015. The roles of ROS and ABA in systemic acquired acclimation. The Plant Cell, 27, 64–70.
Mizuno T, Amaki W, Watanabe H. 2009. Effects of monochromatic light irradiation by LED on the growth and anthocyanin contents in leaves of cabbage seedlings.  Acta Horticulturae, 907, 179–184.
Mohammad S, Khan M A, Ali A, Khan L, Khan M S. 2019. Feasible production of biomass and natural antioxidants through callus cultures in response to varying light intensities in olive (Olea europaea. L.) cult. Arbosana. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology (B: Biology), 193, 140–147.
Muneer S, Kim E, Park J, Lee J. 2014. Influence of green, red and blue light emitting diodes on multiprotein complex proteins and photosynthetic activity under different light intensities in lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa L.). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 15, 4657–4670.
Mustilli A C, Merlot S, Vavasseur A, Fenzi F, Giraudat J. 2002. Arabidopsis OST1 protein kinase mediates the regulation of stomatal aperture by abscisic acid and acts upstream of reactive oxygen species production. The Plant Cell, 14, 3089–3099.
Myers J. 1971. Enhancement studies in photosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 22, 289–312.
Nagendran R, Lee Y H. 2015. Green and red light reduces the disease severity by Pseudomonas cichorii JBC1 in tomato plants via upregulation of defense-related gene expression. Phytopathology, 105, 412–418.
Nascimento L B, Leal-Costa M V, Coutinho M A, Moreira N S, Lage C L, Barbi N S, Costa S S, Tavares E S. 2013. Increased antioxidant activity and changes in phenolic profile of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamarck) Persoon (Crassulaceae) specimens grown under supplemental blue light. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 89, 391–399.
Noctor G, Foyer C H. 2016. Intracellular redox compartmentation and ROS-related communication in regulation and signaling. Plant Physiology, 171, 1581–1592.
Nowicka B, Ciura J, Szymańska R, Kruk J. 2018. Improving photosynthesis, plant productivity and abiotic stress tolerance - current trends and future perspectives. Journal of Plant Physiology, 231, 415–433.
Nozue K, Tat A V, Devisetty U K, Robinson M, Mumbach M R, Ichihashi Y, Lekkala S, Maloof J N. 2015. Shade avoidance components and pathways in adult plants revealed by phenotypic profiling. PLoS Genetics, 11, e1004953.
Okamoto K, Yanagi T, Takita S, Tanaka M, Higuchi T, Ushida Y, Watanabe H. 1996. Development of plant growth apparatus using blue and red LED as artificial light source. Acta Horticulturae, 440, 111–116.
Osmond C B, Kyle D, Arntzen C J. 1987. Amsterdam, 9, 123–144.
Park S Y, Fung P, Nishimura N, Jensen D R, Fujii H, Zhao Y, Lumba S, Santiago J, Rodrigues A, Tsz-fung F C. 2009. Abscisic acid inhibits type 2C protein phosphatases via the PYR/PYL family of START proteins. Science, 324, 1068–1071.
Park Y, Runkle E S. 2017. Far-red radiation promotes growth of seedlings by increasing leaf expansion and whole-plant net assimilation. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 136, 41–49.
Pearcy R W, Seemann J R. 1990. Photosynthetic induction state of leaves in a soybean canopy in relation to light regulation of ribulose-1-5-bisphosphate carboxylase and stomatal conductance. Plant Physiology, 94, 628–633.
Pei Z M, Murata Y, Benning G, Thomine S, Klüsener B, Allen G J, Grill E, Schroeder J I. 2000. Calcium channels activated by hydrogen peroxide mediate abscisic acid signalling in guard cells. Nature, 406, 731–734.
Pettai H, Oja V, Freiberg A, Laisk A. 2005. The long-wavelength limit of plant photosynthesis. Federation of European Biochemical Societies, 579, 4017–4019.
Polle A, Rennenberg H. 1992. Field studies on Norway spruce trees at high altitudes: II. Defence systems against oxidative stress in needles. New Phytologist, 121, 635–642.
Poudel P R, Kataoka I, Mochioka R. 2008. Effect of red-and blue-light-emitting diodes on growth and morphogenesis of grapes. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 92, 147–153.
Proietti P, Preziosi P, Tombesi A. 1988. Influence of shading on olive leaf photosynthesis. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Meeting on Mediterranean Tree Crops. Chania, Greece. pp. 334–342.
Rapparini F, Rotondi A, Baraldi R. 1999. Blue light regulation of the growth of Prunus persica plants in a long term experiment: Morphological and histological observations. Trees, 14, 169–176.
Reddy S K, Holalu S V, Casal J J, Finlayson S A. 2013. Abscisic acid regulates axillary bud outgrowth responses to the ratio of red to far-red light. Plant Physiology, 163, 1047–1058.
Ruban A V, Johnson M P, Duffy C D. 2012. The photoprotective molecular switch in the photosystem II antenna. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (Bioenergetics), 1817, 167–181.
R??i?ka K, Ljung K, Vanneste S, Podhorská R, Beeckman T, Friml J, Benková E. 2007. Ethylene regulates root growth through effects on auxin biosynthesis and transport-dependent auxin distribution. The Plant Cell, 19, 2197–2212.
Sarala M, Taulavuori K, Taulavuori E, Karhu J, Laine K. 2007. Elongation of Scots pine seedlings under blue light depletion is independent of etiolation. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 60, 340–343.
Sarijeva G, Knapp M, Lichtenthaler H K. 2007. Differences in photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll and carotenoid levels, and in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in green sun and shade leaves of Ginkgo and Fagus. Journal of Plant Physiology, 164, 950–955.
Sasidharan R, Keuskamp D H, Kooke R, Voesenek L A, Pierik R. 2014. Interactions between auxin, microtubules and XTHs mediate green shade-induced petiole elongation in Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE, 9, e90587.
Sato K, Kim J M. 1980. Relationships between environmental conditions and production and consumption activities of individual leaves in the population of rice plant in a paddy field: IV. Leaf positional and seasonal cahnges in the rates of net photosynthesis and dark respiration in paddy fields of different plant spacing and fertilization. Japanese Journal of Crop Science, 49, 263–269.
Schittenhelm S, Menge-Hartmann U, Oldenburg E. 2004. Photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and yield of phytochrome-B-overexpressing potatoes under different light regimes. Crop Science, 44, 131–143.
Schuerger A C, Brown C S, Stryjewski E C. 1997. Anatomical features of pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) grown under red light-emitting diodes supplemented with blue or far-red light. Annals of Botany, 79, 273–282.
Sharma R, Sopory S K, Guha-Mukherjee S. 1976. Phytochrome regulation of peroxidase activity in maize. Plant Science Letters, 6, 69–75.
Sæbø A, Krekling T, Appelgren M. 1995. Light quality affects photosynthesis and leaf anatomy of birch plantlets in vitro. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 41, 177–185.
Shimazaki K, Doi M, Assmann S M, Kinoshita T. 2007. Light regulation of stomatal movement. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 58, 219–247.
Shimizu H, Saito Y, Nakashima H, Miyasaka J, Ohdoi K. 2011. Light environment optimization for lettuce growth in plant factory. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 44, 605–609.
Smirnoff N. 1993. The role of active oxygen in the response of plants to water deficit and desiccation. New Phytologist, 125, 27–58.
Smith H. 1982. Light quality, photoperception, and plant strategy. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 33, 481–518.
Song R, Kelman D, Johns K, Wright A. 2012. Correlation between leaf age, shade levels, and characteristic beneficial natural constituents of tea (Camellia sinensis) grown in Hawaii. Food Chemistry, 133, 707–714.
Stepanova A N, Yun J, Likhacheva A V, Alonso J M. 2007. Multilevel interactions between ethylene and auxin in Arabidopsis roots. The Plant Cell, 19, 2169–2185.
Su B, Song Y, Song C, Cui L, Yong T, Yang W. 2014. Growth and photosynthetic responses of soybean seedlings to maize shading in relay intercropping system in Southwest China. Photosynthetica, 52, 332–340.
Sun B, Dilcher D L, Beerling D J, Zhang C, Yan D, Kowalski E. 2003. Variation in Ginkgo biloba L. leaf characters across a climatic gradient in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 7141–7146.
Sun J, Nishio J N, Vogelmann T C. 1998. Green light drives CO2 fixation deep within leaves. Plant and Cell Physiology, 39, 1020–1026.
Talbott L D, Nikolova G, Ortiz A, Shmayevich I, Zeiger E. 2002. Green light reversal of blue-light-stimulated stomatal opening is found in a diversity of plant species. American Journal of Botany, 89, 366–368.
Tateno M, Taneda H. 2007. Photosynthetically versatile thin shade leaves: A paradox of irradiance-response curves. Photosynthetica, 45, 299–302.
Terashima I, Fujita T, Inoue T, Chow W S, Oguchi R. 2009. Green light drives leaf photosynthesis more efficiently than red light in strong white light: Revisiting the enigmatic question of why leaves are green. Plant and Cell Physiology, 50, 684–697.
Terashima I, Hanba Y T, Tazoe Y, Vyas P, Yano S. 2005. Irradiance and phenotype: Comparative eco-development of sun and shade leaves in relation to photosynthetic CO2 diffusion. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57, 343–354.
Terashima I, Hanba Y T, Tholen D, Niinemets Ü. 2011. Leaf functional anatomy in relation to photosynthesis. Plant Physiology, 155, 108–116.
Terashima I, Miyazawa S I, Hanba Y T. 2001. Why are sun leaves thicker than shade leaves? - Consideration based on analyses of CO2 diffusion in the leaf. Journal of Plant Research, 114, 93–105.
Terashima I, Saeki T. 1985. A new model for leaf photosynthesis incorporating the gradients of light environment and of photosynthetic properties of chloroplasts within a leaf. Annals of Botany, 56, 489–499.
Thiele A, Herold M, Lenk I, Quail P H, Gatz C. 1999. Heterologous expression of Arabidopsis phytochrome B in transgenic potato influences photosynthetic performance and tuber development. Plant Physiology, 120, 73–82.
Tibbitts T, Morgan D, Warrington I. 1983. Growth of lettuce, spinach, mustard, and wheat plants under four combinations of high-pressure sodium, metal halide, and tungsten halogen lamps at equal PPFD. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 108, 622–630.
Timperio A M, D’amici G M, Barta C, Loreto F, Zolla L. 2007. Proteomics, pigment composition, and organization of thylakoid membranes in iron-deficient spinach leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58, 3695–3710.
Tran T T. 2018. The effect of light exposure on the total chlorophyll content, Chl a/b ratio, and Car/Chl ratio in the barks of Fraxinus latifolia seedlings. [2019-05-16]. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/honorstheses/575 
Tucker D. 1981. Phytochrome regulation of leaf senescence in cucumber and tomato. Plant Science Letters, 23, 103–108.
Urbonavi?iūt? A, Pinho P, Samuolien? G, Duchovskis P, Vitta P, Stonkus A, Tamulaitis G, ?ukauskas A, Halonen L. 2007. Effect of short-wavelength light on lettuce growth and nutritional quality. Sodininkyst? ir Dar?ininkyst?, 26, 157–165.
Valladares F, Niinemets Ü. 2008. Shade tolerance, a key plant feature of complex nature and consequences. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 39, 237–257.
Verhoeven A S, Swanberg A, Thao M, Whiteman J. 2005. Seasonal changes in leaf antioxidant systems and xanthophyll cycle characteristics in Taxus × media growing in sun and shade environments. Physiologia Plantarum, 123, 428–434.
Vogel E, Meyer R. 2018. Climate change, climate extremes, and global food production - Adaptation in the agricultural sector. In: Resilience. Elsevier. pp. 31–49.
Volkov R A, Panchuk I I, Mullineaux P M, Schöffl F. 2006. Heat stress-induced H2O2 is required for effective expression of heat shock genes in Arabidopsis. Plant Molecular Biology, 61, 733–746.
Vranová E, Inzé D, Van Breusegem F. 2002. Signal transduction during oxidative stress. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53, 1227–1236.
Wang H, Gu M, Cui J, Shi K, Zhou Y, Yu J. 2009. Effects of light quality on CO2 assimilation, chlorophyll-fluorescence quenching, expression of Calvin cycle genes and carbohydrate accumulation in Cucumis sativus. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology (B: Biology), 96, 30–37.
Wang L, Deng F, Ren W J, Yang W Y. 2013a. Effects of shading on starch pasting characteristics of indica hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLoS ONE, 8, e68220.
Wang L, Liang W, Xing J, Tan F, Chen Y, Huang L, Cheng C L, Chen W. 2013b. Dynamics of chloroplast proteome in salt-stressed mangrove Kandelia candel (L.) Druce. Journal of Proteome Research, 12, 5124–5136.
Wang S, Wang X, Shi X, Wang B, Zheng X, Wang H, Liu F. 2016. Red and blue lights significantly affect photosynthetic properties and ultrastructure of mesophyll cells in senescing grape leaves. Horticultural Plant Journal, 2, 82–90.
Wang Y, Gao L, Shan Y, Liu Y, Tian Y, Xia T. 2012. Influence of shade on flavonoid biosynthesis in tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). Scientia horticulturae, 141, 7–16.
Weng J K, Li X, Stout J, Chapple C. 2008. Independent origins of syringyl lignin in vascular plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 7887–7892.
Weston E, Thorogood K, Vinti G, López-Juez E. 2000. Light quantity controls leaf-cell and chloroplast development in Arabidopsis thaliana wild type and blue-light-perception mutants. Planta, 211, 807–815.
Wherley B, Gardner D, Metzger J. 2005. Tall fescue photomorphogenesis as influenced by changes in the spectral composition and light intensity. Crop Science, 45, 562–568.
Wild A, Höpfner M, Rühle W, Richter M. 1986. Changes in the stoichiometry of photosystem II components as an adaptive response to high-light and low-light conditions during growth. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung (C), 41, 597–603.
de Wit M, Lorrain S, Fankhauser C. 2014. Auxin-mediated plant architectural changes in response to shade and high temperature. Physiologia Plantarum, 151, 13–24.
Wittmann C, Aschan G, Pfanz H. 2001. Leaf and twig photosynthesis of young beech (Fagus sylvatica) and aspen (Populus tremula) trees grown under different light regime. Basic and Applied Ecology, 2, 145–154.
Wo?ny A, Jerzy M. 2007. Effect of light wavelength on growth and flowering of narcissi forced under short-day and low quantum irradiance conditions. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 82, 924–928.
Wu L, Zhang W, Ding Y, Zhang J, Cambula E D, Weng F, Liu Z, Ding C, Tang S, Chen L. 2017. Shading contributes to the reduction of stem mechanical strength by decreasing cell wall synthesis in japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.). Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 881.
Wu M C, Hou C Y, Jiang C M, Wang Y T, Wang C Y, Chen H H, Chang H M. 2007. A novel approach of LED light radiation improves the antioxidant activity of pea seedlings. Food Chemistry, 101, 1753–1758.
Wu Q, Su N, Shen W, Cui J. 2014. Analyzing photosynthetic activity and growth of Solanum lycopersicum seedlings exposed to different light qualities. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 36, 1411–1420.
Wu Y, Gong W, Wang Y, Yong T, Yang F, Liu W, Wu X, Du J, Shu K, Liu J. 2018. Leaf area and photosynthesis of newly emerged trifoliolate leaves are regulated by mature leaves in soybean. Journal of Plant Research, 131, 671–680.
Wu Y, Gong W, Yang F, Wang X, Yong T, Yang W. 2016. Responses to shade and subsequent recovery of soya bean in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping. Plant Production Science, 19, 206–214.
Wu Y, Gong W, Yang W. 2017. Shade inhibits leaf size by controlling cell proliferation and enlargement in soybean. Scientific Reports, 7, 9259.
Shi X D. 2006. Research on the effect of different light stresses on crop growth. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 34, 4216. (in Chinese)
Yang C, Li L. 2017. Hormonal regulation in shade avoidance. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1527.
Yang C, Xie F, Jiang Y, Li Z, Huang X, Li L. 2018. Phytochrome A negatively regulates the shade avoidance response by increasing auxin/indole acidic acid protein stability. Developmental Cell, 44, 29–41.
Yang D, Duan L, Xie H, Li Z, Huang T. 2011. Effect of pre-flowering light deficiency on biomass accumulation and physiological characteristics of rice. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 19, 347–352. (in Chinese)
Yang F, Fan Y, Wu X, Cheng Y, Liu Q, Feng L, Chen J, Wang Z, Wang X, Yong T. 2018a. Auxin-to-gibberellin ratio as a signal for light intensity and quality in regulating soybean growth and matter partitioning. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 56.
Yang F, Feng L, Liu Q, Wu X, Fan Y, Raza M A, Cheng Y, Chen J, Wang X, Yong T. 2018b. Effect of interactions between light intensity and red-to-far-red ratio on the photosynthesis of soybean leaves under shade condition. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 150, 79–87.
Yang F, Huang S, Gao R, Liu W, Yong T, Wang X, Wu X, Yang W. 2014. Growth of soybean seedlings in relay strip intercropping systems in relation to light quantity and red:far-red ratio. Field Crops Research, 155, 245–253.
Yano A, Fujiwara K. 2012. Plant lighting system with five wavelength-band light-emitting diodes providing photon flux density and mixing ratio control. Plant Methods, 8, 46.
Yao X, Li C, Li S, Zhu Q, Zhang H, Wang H, Yu C, Martin S K S, Xie F. 2017. Effect of shade on leaf photosynthetic capacity, light-intercepting, electron transfer and energy distribution of soybeans. Plant Growth Regulation, 83, 409–416.
Yorio N C, Goins G D, Kagie H R, Wheeler R M, Sager J C. 2001. Improving spinach, radish, and lettuce growth under red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with blue light supplementation. HortScience, 36, 380–383.
Yoshida H, Mizuta D, Fukuda N, Hikosaka S, Goto E. 2016. Effects of varying light quality from single-peak blue and red light-emitting diodes during nursery period on flowering, photosynthesis, growth, and fruit yield of everbearing strawberry. Plant Biotechnology, 33, 267–276.
Yu W, Liu Y, Song L, Jacobs DF, Du X, Ying Y, Shao Q, Wu J. 2017. Effect of differential light quality on morphology, photosynthesis, and antioxidant enzyme activity in Camptotheca acuminata seedlings. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 36, 148–160.
Zhang J, Shi L, Shi A, Zhang Q. 2004. Photosynthetic responses of four Hosta cultivars to shade treatments. Photosynthetica, 42, 213–218.
Zhang T, Folta K M. 2012. Green light signaling and adaptive response. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 7, 75–78.
Zhang W, Wu L, Ding Y, Fei W, Wu X, Li G, Liu Z, She T, Dinng C, Wang S. 2016. Top-dressing nitrogen fertilizer rate contributes to decrease culm physical strength by reducing structural carbohydrate content in japonica rice. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 15, 992–1004.
Zheng L, Van Labeke M C. 2017. Chrysanthemum morphology, photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant capacity are differentially modified by light quality. Journal of Plant Physiology, 213, 66–74.
Zhu H, Li X, Zhai W, Liu Y, Gao Q, Liu J, Ren L, Chen H, Zhu Y. 2017. Effects of low light on photosynthetic properties, antioxidant enzyme activity, and anthocyanin accumulation in purple pak-choi (Brassica campestris ssp. Chinensis Makino). PLoS ONE, 12, e0179305.
Zhu P, Yang S M, Ma J, Li S X, Chen Y. 2008. Effect of shading on the photosynthetic characteristics and yield at later growth stage of hybrid rice combination. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 34, 2003–2009. (in Chinese)
 
[1] XU Yan-xia, ZHANG Jing, WAN Zi-yun, HUANG Shan-xia, DI Hao-chen, HE Ying, JIN Song-heng. Physiological and transcriptome analyses provide new insights into the mechanism mediating the enhanced tolerance of melatonin-treated rhododendron plants to heat stress[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(8): 2397-2411.
[2] Senouwa Segla Koffi DOSSOU, XU Fang-tao, Komivi DOSSA, ZHOU Rong, ZHAO Ying-zhong, WANG Lin-hai. Antioxidant lignans sesamin and sesamolin in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.): a comprehensive review and future prospects[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(1): 14-30.
[3] WU Han-yu, QIAO Mei-yu, ZHANG Wang-feng, WANG Ke-ru, LI Shao-kun, JIANG Chuang-dao. Systemic regulation of photosynthetic function in maize plants at graining stage under vertically heterogeneous light environment[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2022, 21(3): 666-676.
[4] Muhammad Ahsan ASGHAR, JIANG Heng-ke, SHUI Zhao-wei, CAO Xi-yu, HUANG Xi-yu, Shakeel IMRAN, Bushra AHMAD, ZHANG Hao, YANG Yue-ning, SHANG Jing, YANG Hui, YU Liang, LIU Chun-yan, YANG Wen-yu, SUN Xin, DU Jun-bo. Interactive effect of shade and PEG-induced osmotic stress on physiological responses of soybean seedlings[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(9): 2382-2394.
[5] WANG Yi-bo, HUANG Rui-dong, ZHOU Yu-fei. Effects of shading stress during the reproductive stages on photosynthetic physiology and yield characteristics of peanut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.)[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(5): 1250-1265.
[6] JIA Teng-jiao, LI Jing-jing, WANG Li-feng, CAO Yan-yong, MA Juan, WANG Hao, ZHANG Deng-feng, LI Hui-yong. Evaluation of drought tolerance in ZmVPP1-overexpressing transgenic inbred maize lines and their hybrids[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2020, 19(9): 2177-2187.
[7] YE Yu-xiu, WEN Zhang-rong, YANG Huan, LU Wei-ping, LU Da-lei. Effects of post-silking water deficit on the leaf photosynthesis and senescence of waxy maize[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2020, 19(9): 2216-2228.
[8] YU Lan-lan, SONG Chang-mei, SUN Lin-jing, LI Li-li, XU Zhi-gang, TANG Can-ming. Effects of light-emitting diodes on tissue culture plantlets and seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L.)[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2020, 19(7): 1743-1754.
[9] HUANG Cheng-zhen, XU Lei, Sun Jin-jing, ZHANG Zhong-hua, FU Mei-lan, TENG Hui-ying, YI Ke-ke.
Allelochemical p-hydroxybenzoic acid inhibits root growth via regulating ROS accumulation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2020, 19(2): 518-527.
[10] WEN Bing-xiao, Sajad Hussain, YANG Jia-yue, WANG Shan, ZHANG Yi, QIN Si-si, XU Mei, YANG Wen-yu, LIU Wei-guo. Rejuvenating soybean (Glycine max L.) growth and development through slight shading stress[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2020, 19(10): 2439-2450.
[11] ZHAO Ying, LIU Meng, WANG Feng, DING Dong, ZHAO Chang-jiang, HE Lin, LI Zuo-tong, XU Jing-yu. The role of AtGPDHc2 in regulating cellular redox homeostasis of Arabidopsis under salt stress[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2019, 18(6): 1266-1279.
[12] ZHANG He, LI Yan1, MENG Ya-li, CAO Nan, LI Duan-sheng, ZHOU Zhi-guo, CHEN Bing-lin, DOU Fu-gen .
The effects of soil moisture and salinity as functions of groundwater depth on wheat growth and yield in coastal saline soils
[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2019, 18(11): 2472-2482.
[13] Hafiz Ghulam Muhu-Din Ahmed, Abdus Salam khan, LI Ming-ju, Sultan Habibullah Khan, Muhammad Kashif . Early selection of bread wheat genotypes using morphological and photosynthetic attributes conferring drought tolerance[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2019, 18(11): 2483-2491.
[14] ZHANG Yi, SHI Yu, GONG Hai-jun, ZHAO Hai-liang, LI Huan-li, HU Yan-hong, WANG Yi-chao. Beneficial effects of silicon on photosynthesis of tomato seedlings under water stress[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(10): 2151-2159.
[15] HAO Yu-qiong, LU Guo-qing, WANG Li-hua, WANG Chun-ling, GUO Hui-ming, LI Yi-fei, CHENG Hong-mei. Overexpression of AmDUF1517 enhanced tolerance to salinity, drought, and cold stress in transgenic cotton[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(10): 2204-2214.
No Suggested Reading articles found!