Table of Content

16 June 2026, Volume 59 Issue 12

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CROP GENETICS & BREEDING· GERMPLASM RESOURCES· MOLECULAR GENETICS

Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Allelic Variation of the Badh2 Gene in Guizhou Aromatic Rice Germplasm Based on High-Density SNP Markers

GUAN YaDong, LONG WuHua, WU Xian, WANG Qian, LIU XueWei, WANG XueLiang, WANG ZhongNi, GONG YanLong, YAO YuanXun, ZHU SuSong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(12):  2537-2550.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.12.001

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【Objective】The genetic diversity of fragrant rice germplasm resources in Guizhou (including Guizhou scented glutinous rice, breeding materials of Guizhou scented rice and Guizhou local scented rice excluding Guizhou scented glutinous rice) was analyzed, the differences in their genetic background were evaluated, and the allelic variation of the Badh2 gene was identified. This study provides theoretical basis and material support for addressing the problem of narrow genetic basis in fragrant rice breeding. 【Method】A total of 131 test materials were collected in this study, including 87 Guizhou fragrant rice accessions. In addition, 40 fragrant rice materials were obtained from Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangsu and other provinces, together with 3 Thai fragrant rice accessions and 1 Indian fragrant rice accession. A 50K liquid-phase gene chip was used for genome-wide scanning of the 131 fragrant rice materials, and high-quality SNP loci were acquired after data filtering. Genetic diversity was evaluated based on genetic parameters including minor allele frequency, polymorphism information content and effective number of alleles. Combined with population structure analysis and cluster analysis, the genetic background differences among different fragrant rice populations were explored. Gene typing was performed on 87 Guizhou fragrant rice accessions using full-length primers of the fragrance gene Badh2 to clarify allelic variation types.【Result】Genome-wide scanning was performed on 131 aromatic rice accessions. After stringent quality filtering, a total of 39 580 high-quality SNP loci were obtained. The minor allele frequency (MAF) ranged from 0.05 to 0.50, the polymorphism information content (PIC) varied between 0.091 and 0.634, and the number of effective alleles ranged from 2.000 to 10.526. The Nei’s genetic diversity index and Shannon’s information index ranged from 0.095 to 0.500 and 0.199 to 0.693, respectively, indicating a relatively high level of overall genetic diversity at the loci in the aromatic rice population. Population structure analysis revealed that the 131 aromatic rice accessions could be divided into four genetic subgroups, with limited gene flow and significant genetic differentiation among subgroups. Most Guizhou aromatic He rice accessions were clustered into two genetic subgroups, while 13 accessions showed no clear population assignment. Notably, the Guizhou aromatic He rice population exhibited a unique genetic structure compared with aromatic rice populations from other provinces and abroad. Allelic variation analysis showed that the aroma formation of 4 accessions was independent of the Badh2 gene, potentially representing novel aromatic rice germplasm. 1 accession carried a single-base G insertion at the 39 bp position of the sixth exon of Badh2, and 82 aromatic rice accessions belonged to the badh2-E7 mutation type.【Conclusion】The genetic parameter results revealed high locus genetic diversity in the Guizhou fragrant rice population. Based on allelic variation analysis, badh2-E7 was identified as the dominant allelic variant in Guizhou fragrant rice, and novel materials with a new mutation in the sixth exon of Badh2 as well as new Badh2-independent mutant materials were also found.

Genetic Dissection of Stem Internode Length and Its Effects in Wheat Based on a Genome-Wide Association Study

YE MeiJin, WANG TongZhu, CHEN Bin, LOHANI Md Nahibuzzaman, CHEN JiaTing, HU XinRong, YIN Li, WANG Chao, ZHANG HaoPeng, YANG Xia, WANG JiaLin, YAO QiFu, DING PuYang, WANG Feng, LI XiaoYu, MA Jian

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(12):  2551-2562.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.12.002

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【Objective】Plant height is a key agronomic trait in wheat that influences both yield potential and lodging resistance. It is primarily determined by the elongation of stem internodes. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the internode lengths of 224 Sichuan wheat cultivars, identify stable quantitative trait loci (QTL) regulating internode length and clarify their effects on agronomic traits, and screen the underlying candidate genes, thus providing important genetic resources and a theoretical basis for the targeted breeding of high-yield wheat varieties. 【Method】The lengths of the first (IL1), the second (IL2), and the third (IL3) internodes were measured under two different environments. The panel was genotyped using the wheat 120K SNP array. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was employed to identify QTL regulating internode length. The phenotyping data was used for correlation analysis and the interpretation of the genetic effects of major QTL. The candidate genes of the major QTL were predicted based on wheat omics data. 【Result】Phenotypic analysis revealed continuous variation for all internode traits, with high broad-sense heritability estimates ranging from 75% to 89%. Correlation analysis showed that lengths of all three internodes were positively correlated with final plant height, with IL1 exhibiting the strongest correlation. Furthermore, IL2 and IL3 were highly correlated with each other, suggesting coordinated genetic regulation of the lower stem internodes. GWAS detected four stable QTLs on chromosomes 5A and 4D, namely QIL1.sau.5A for IL1, two tightly linked but distinct QTL QIL2.sau.5A.1 and QIL2.sau.5A.2 for IL2, and QIL3.sau.4D for IL3, respectively. Pleiotropy analysis demonstrated that QIL2.sau.5A.1 significantly increased plant height and spike length, while QIL3.sau.4D primarily promoted internode elongation and overall plant height. Based on functional annotation and spatiotemporal expression data, five candidate genes potentially involved in transcriptional regulation, hormone signal transduction, and cell growth were identified. 【Conclusion】This study elucidated the genetic architecture of internode elongation in a panel of Sichuan wheat cultivars and identified two novel QTLs and several pleiotropic loci. These stable QTLs and the underlying candidate genes provided valuable resources for molecular marker-assisted selection aiming at optimizing plant height, improving lodging resistance, and enhancing yield potential in wheat.

Differences in Root Traits Among 75 Broomcorn Millet Varieties and Their Correlation with Root Lodging Resistance

LIANG HaiYan, SU ZhanMing, SONG XiaoQiang, YANG Fang, JIANG Chao, ZHANG XiangYu, LI Hai

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(12):  2563-2575.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.12.003

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【Objective】This study aimed to explore the relationship between root traits, mechanical properties and root lodging resistance of different broomcorn millet varieties, identify the key indicators for evaluating root lodging-resistant varieties, screen such varieties, and provide theoretical support and material basis for broomcorn millet breeding against root lodging. 【Method】A field experiment was conducted with 75 broomcorn millet varieties as materials at the Maozao Test Base in Shanxi Province. At the early filling stage, root mechanical, morphological and architectural indicators including root pulling force, root weight, root length, root diameter and maximum root spreading angle were measured; after the heading stage, field identification of root lodging grades was carried out. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to clarify the correlation between root traits and root lodging grades, determine the key indicators for root lodging resistance evaluation, and screen high root lodging-resistant varieties by combining the ranking of comprehensive principal component scores and field identification results. 【Result】Correlation analysis between root traits and mature root lodging grades showed that root lodging grade was extremely significantly negatively correlated with root pulling force (r=-0.340**) and significantly negatively correlated with root weight (r=-0.278*). Root pulling force was significantly positively correlated with the length, surface area and volume of roots with 2.0-3.0 mm diameter (r=0.253**-0.259*) and significantly positively correlated with the maximum root spreading angle (r=0.271*). Principal component analysis revealed that the top three principal components were 2.0-3.0 mm root traits (medium-thick root factor), root weight and maximum spreading angle (root weight and overall architecture factor), and root pulling force (root mechanical property factor), with individual contribution rates of 58.417%, 18.618% and 12.314% respectively. and the cumulative variance contribution rate reached 89.349%, which are the three key factors for broomcorn millet resistance to root lodging. Combining the ranking of comprehensive principal component scores and field identification results, 7 high root lodging-resistant varieties such as Ningmi 15 and Longmi 15 were screened out. 【Conclusion】The root traits of different broomcorn millet varieties exhibit rich genetic diversity. The top three principal components of root characteristics related to root lodging in broomcorn millet are: 1) root traits of 2.0-3.0 mm in diameter (medium-thick root factor); 2) root dry matter weight and maximum spreading angle (root weight and overall architecture factor); 3) root pulling force (root mechanical property factor). These are the main identification indicators for root lodging resistance in broomcorn millet. Among them, root pulling force can be used as a direct screening indicator for lodging resistance, and root traits of 2.0-3.0 mm in diameter should be focused on in root lodging-resistant breeding. Seven varieties with high root lodging resistance, including Ningmi 15 and Longmi 15, were screened out, which can be applied in variety improvement and research.

TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY

Effects of Dual Mulching Under Flat Cropping on Grain Filling Characteristics and Yield of Maize in Semi-Humid Drought-Prone Area

YANG YongJian, LIU WanMao, SUN Ying, LU HaiDong, Adnan Khan, JIA Biao, ZHANG ShiBo

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(12):  2576-2590.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.12.004

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【Objective】To address the issue of reduced grain plumpness and yield caused by high soil temperatures under plastic film in semi-humid drought-prone areas, this study proposes a dual mulching approach using transparent plastic film and straw (TM+ST) under flat farming. This study analysed the regulatory mechanisms of TM+ST on grain filling characteristics and leaf photosynthetic physiology, aiming to provide theoretical and technical support for stable and high yields in dryland maize production 【Method】A field experiment was conducted in Yangling, Shaanxi Province (semi-humid drought-prone area, with an average annual precipitation of 550 mm, accounting for 60% from July to September) from 2021 to 2022. Three mulching treatments were set up with no mulching as the control (CK): transparent plastic film mulching with flat cropping cultivation (TM), black plastic film mulching with flat cropping cultivation (BM), and a flat plot of transparent film mulching with whole maize stalks (TM+ST). The effects of different mulching measures on post-anthesis leaf area index (LAI), SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), transpiration rate (T_r), dry matter accumulation, dynamics of grain weight increment, grain filling characteristics, yield and yield components of spring maize were explored. 【Result】Compared with CK, mulching treatments significantly improved the green retention and photosynthetic production capacity of spring maize after anthesis, and improved the grain filling process and grain yield (an increase of 16.5%-48.9%). Compared with the single mulching treatments (TM and BM), TM+ST significantly improved the green retention of leaves, enhanced P_n, G_s, and T_r, and promoted dry matter accumulation after anthesis (an increase of 10.9%-12.6%). Moreover, TM+ST increased the grain weight at the maximum grain filling rate, maintained the highest grain filling rate at the gradual-growing period, prolonged the duration of grain filling at the fast-growing period, and prolonged the active stage of grain filling at slow-growing period. Ultimately, TM+ST treatment increased grain yield (V.S. TM and BM increased by 17.0%-17.2%) by enhancing "source" supply and optimizing grain filling process. 【Conclusion】Dual mulching of transparent-plastic film and straw (TM+ST) could improve the green retention and photosynthetic production capacity of leaves after anthesis, optimize the grain filling process, and ultimately drive the maximization of grain weight to improve the yield of maize.

Effects of Seed Treatment on Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Maize at the Seedling Stage Under Simulated Drought Stress

YANG JingWen, CHANG LiYun, LU WeiAn, WANG HaiHua, JIANG Ying, ZHANG Wen, GONG XiangWei, LÜ GuoHua

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(12):  2591-2605.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.12.005

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【Objective】Seed treatments can enhance the tolerance of plants to abiotic stress. This study explored the effects of different seed treatment methods under drought stress on the growth and nutrient uptake of maize at the seedling stage, to provide a theoretical reference for maize cultivation with high yield, high efficiency and strong ecological adaptability.【Method】A pot experiment was conducted, with five seed treatments, including control (CK), ultrasound (US), ultrasound+polysaccharide (US+OS), ultrasound+microorganism (US+B), and integrated technology (US+polysaccharide+microorganism, IPM). The agronomic traits, photosynthetic physiology, antioxidant enzyme activities, and nutrient uptake of maize at the seedling stage under different simulated drought stress conditions were investigated. Combining with the Mantel test and random forest, the potential relationships among the indicators affecting the nutrient uptake of maize were analyzed.【Result】Compared with the CK, seed treatment significantly improved the plant height, leaf area, root length, root surface area, root volume and root diameter. These stimulative features were conducive to increasing the root dry weight by 69.23%-171.15% under light drought, 59.09%-218.18% under moderate drought, and 93.84%-264.52% under severe drought. Seed treatment significantly regulated the SPAD values and gas exchange parameters under drought stress, and increased the antioxidant enzyme activities, thereby improving the production of photosynthetic substances and the ability of osmotic regulation. The changes in physiological parameters directly promoted the functional metabolism of the plants, which was conducive to optimizing nutrient uptake of the leaves and roots. The US+B treatment achieved the greatest increase, with the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake of maize under drought stress increased by 31.59%-59.21% for leaves and 39.79%-82.35% for roots, 33.70%-69.94% for leaves and 51.66%-88.69% for roots, and 47.71%-78.17% for leaves and 57.59%- 108.08% for roots, respectively. The Mantel test and the random forest analysis revealed that seed treatment obviously enhanced multiple growth parameters, thereby comprehensively improving the drought resistance of maize. The plant biomass, leaf area, and plant height were the key parameters affecting nutrient uptake.【Conclusion】Seed treatment could promote nutrient uptake and dry matter accumulation by optimizing the aboveground agronomic traits and root morphological characteristics of maize at the seedling stage under drought stress, and improving the photosynthetic physiological metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activities of leaves. The US+B treatment was expected to be a potential practice for enhancing the maize productivity in the dryland farmlands of the North China.

Estimating Rapeseed Nutrient Content Using Fractional-Order Differentiation of UAV-Based Hyperspectral Data

XU BinCan, MA YuMan, ZOU Ran, HU Jie, YU QiangYi, WU WenBin, ZHOU QingBo, SHI Yun, SONG Qian

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(12):  2606-2622.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.12.006

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【Background】Nutrient elements are crucial for the growth, yield, and quality of rapeseed. Rapid and non-destructive monitoring of canopy nutrient status in rapeseed is of great significance for precise nutrient diagnosis and growth assessment. Although spectral remote sensing technology has become an efficient alternative to traditional laboratory methods, conventional approaches often struggle to effectively and finely extract specific feature information when faced with the complex canopy spectral environment of rapeseed, limiting the accuracy of synchronous monitoring for multiple nutrient elements.【Objective】By exploring the hyperspectral response mechanism of nutrient elements in rapeseed, this study aimed to construct quantitative estimation models for six nutrient elements in rapeseed leaves, namely boron (B), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S), and improve their estimation accuracy, while analyzing the impact of different modeling methods on nutrient estimation, thereby providing a reference for precision nutrient management.【Method】Based on hyperspectral data acquired during key growth stages of rapeseed and corresponding leaf nutrient concentrations, this study employed fractional-order differentiation (FOD) to enhance spectral feature signals and systematically compared the estimation accuracy of leaf nutrient contents using three machine learning algorithms: partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector regression (SVR), and random forest regression (RFR).【Result】Compared with the original spectral models, the models based on FOD spectra showed a 13%-30% increase in R², with the smallest performance difference between the training and test sets (average ΔR²=0.09). In particular, high-order FOD (>1.0) effectively highlighted subtle features like the red-edge slope and eliminated baseline drift, making the R² of the optimal models for N and B reach 0.89 and 0.87, respectively. Among the three algorithms, RFR exhibited the most robust performance (test-set R² for different nutrients ranging from 0.48 to 0.89), with its selected sensitive bands (e.g., protein and chlorophyll absorption regions) closely align with crop physiological mechanisms. Spatial mapping revealed heterogeneous distribution characteristics of nutrients, confirming the model's ability to interpret field micro-environments. 【Conclusion】This study proposed and validated a coupled methodological framework of FOD-RFR, which was capable of effectively deciphering subtle spectral features of multiple nutrients throughout the entire growth cycle of rapeseed, enabling non-destructive simultaneous estimation with significantly improved accuracy. This framework not only achieved differentiated collaborative estimation of multiple nutrients in rapeseed but also provided valuable insights and references for the remote sensing monitoring of complex biochemical parameters in field crops.

PLANT PROTECTION

Inhibitory Effects and Mechanisms of Juglone Against Walnut Blight Pathogens

SU Yi, SUN LeYuan, WU ChengXu, JI XinYing, NIE RuiNing, XIA Juan, HAN ZhuoRan, ZHOU Ye, ZHANG JunPei

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(12):  2623-2636.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.12.007

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【Objective】This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of juglone against the major pathogens causing walnut blight, Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (Xaj) and Pantoea agglomerans (Pa), and to investigate its mechanism of action, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the green control of walnut blight.【Method】The antibacterial activity of juglone against Xaj and Pa was evaluated in vitro by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Growth curves and resazurin staining were used to characterize the dynamic changes in the viability of Xaj and Pa after juglone treatment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe alterations in the cell surface and morphology of the two pathogens. Relative electrical conductivity and cell surface hydrophobicity were measured to reveal the effects of juglone on membrane integrity and surface properties. Changes in pathogen protein and nucleic acid electrophoretic profiles were analyzed to assess the interference of juglone with nucleic acids, proteins, and related biological processes. UV absorption spectroscopy and molecular docking were applied to clarify the interaction mode between juglone and pathogen DNA. Leaf inoculation assay was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of juglone against walnut blight on leaves.【Result】Juglone showed obvious antibacterial activity against the major pathogens causing walnut blight, and Xaj was more sensitive than Pa. The MIC values of juglone against Xaj and Pa were 0.1 and 0.4 mg·mL^-1, respectively, while the corresponding MBC values were 0.2 and 0.8 mg·mL^-1. Growth curve analysis showed that juglone inhibited the growth of both pathogens in a concentration-dependent manner. After treatment with 0.5×MIC juglone for 30 min, the cell viability of Xaj and Pa decreased by 35.25% and 37.43%, respectively. SEM observations showed that juglone treatment caused obvious morphological abnormalities in bacterial cells, including shrinkage, depression, and even rupture. After treatment with 0.5×MIC juglone, the relative electrical conductivity and cell surface hydrophobicity of both pathogens increased, accompanied by increased leakage of intracellular nucleic acids, proteins, and other substances, indicating that juglone disrupted cell membrane integrity. Ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy and molecular docking suggested that juglone might interact with bacterial DNA through groove binding mediated by non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding. The detached-leaf assay showed that application of 1×MIC juglone significantly reduced the lesion area on infected walnut leaves, exhibiting good leaf control efficacy.【Conclusion】Juglone showed obvious antibacterial activity against the pathogens causing walnut blight. Its antibacterial effect was mainly achieved by disrupting cell membrane integrity, increasing membrane permeability, and further affecting nucleic acid- and protein-related biological processes. In addition, juglone showed control potential against walnut blight on leaves.

Control of Bemisia tabaci on Tomato by the Combined Application of Beauveria bassiana and Food Attractants

WANG MengHan, WANG DengJie, LIANG XingHui, WANG EnDong, ZHANG Bo, WANG HaiHong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(12):  2637-2655.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.12.008

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【Objective】The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana to Bemisia tabaci, the attraction rate of food-based attractants to B. tabaci, and the synergistic efficacy of their combination against B. tabaci under both laboratory and field conditions, and to screen the highly pathogenic B. bassiana strains and optimized attractant formulations for effective whitefly control.【Method】Under controlled laboratory conditions, the pathogenicity of multiple B. bassiana strains against nymphal and adult stages of B. tabaci was assessed using leaf-dip and contact bioassays, respectively. Conidial production per unit area was quantified microscopically using a hemocytometer. Behavioral responses of B. tabaci to plant-derived volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were evaluated in a Y-tube olfactometer assay. An optimized food-based attractant formulation was developed through systematic screening of active components, empirical optimization of component ratios and concentrations, evaluation of solvent compatibility, and assessment of slow-release carrier efficacy. A prototype dual-function device—integrating the selected B. bassiana strain with the optimized attractant—was designed for field deployment. The influence of device hanging height and inter-unit spacing on whitefly attractive effect was rigorously tested under semi-field and field conditions. Finally, conidial acquisition by B. tabaci individuals and subsequent population-level impacts were quantified via standardized cage experiments and longitudinal field monitoring.【Result】At a concentration of 1×10⁸ conidia/mL, strain XJWLMQ-1 caused corrected mortalities of 93.16% and 79.17% against second-instar nymphs and adults of B. tabaci, respectively, with LT₅₀ values of 3.78 and 7.12 d. The conidial production of this strain reached 3.74×10⁸ conidia/cm² on sporulation medium. A compound attractant consisting of (Z)-3-hexenal, linalool, and eugenol at a ratio of 1﹕2﹕1 showed the highest attraction rate (90.0%). A mixed solvent of liquid paraffin and n-hexane combined with a porous silica gel rod as a slow-release carrier exhibited good persistence, maintaining an attraction rate of 60.0% after 84 d. Devices suspended at the top of tomato plants attracted significantly more whiteflies than those placed at the middle of plants or 20 cm above the canopy. Cage experiments showed that B. tabaci could acquire and carry (1.50-4.34) ×10⁴ conidia per adult through contact with the combined application device. Conidial loads carried by adults increased with exposure time and reached a peak of 1.40×10⁵ conidia per adult after 14 d. Two years of field trials demonstrated that the peak densities of B. tabaci adult in the treatment plots were 16.40 and 15.60 individuals per leaf, representing reductions of 36.3% and 37.6%, respectively, compared with the control (P<0.05).【Conclusion】A highly pathogenic B. bassiana strain XJWLMQ-1 against both nymphs and adults of B. tabaci was screened, and an efficient food attractant formulation consisting of (Z)-3-hexenal, linalool, and eugenol at a ratio of 1﹕2﹕1 was developed. The combined application of B. bassiana and the attractant effectively suppressed B. tabaci populations and showed strong potential for sustainable field application.

SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT

Global Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Soil Management Practices on Wheat Yield

ZHANG Ye, WANG WenNing, ZHU LiangPing, CHEN YuHan, HAN Yan, ZHANG RunZe, HU ChangLu, YANG XueYun, ZHANG ShuLan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(12):  2656-2670.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.12.009

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【Objective】Addressing the challenge of global food security posed by a growing population necessitates enhancements in both wheat yield and yield stability. However, soil management practices, such as conservation tillage and plastic film mulching, show significant potential for yield gain, and their effects are highly variable due to the influence of climate, soil properties, and agricultural management practices. Therefore, this study employe quantified the effects of different soil management practices on wheat yield and its stability by using global meta-analysis, and the key influencing factors were identified, aiming to provide a scientific basis for strategies to enhance global wheat productivity.【Method】Based on 1 755 paired observations from 280 published studies, a global meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the effects of four soil management practices (reduced/no-tillage, plastic film mulching, straw mulching, and straw incorporation) on wheat yield under varying climatic factors, soil properties, and agricultural management practices. Yield stability was systematically evaluated, the relative importance of key drivers (namely, climatic factors, soil properties, and agricultural management practices) were determined by using variance decomposition analysis.【Result】A comprehensive analysis demonstrated that plastic film mulching achieved optimal integrated outcomes with significant yield enhancement (31.0%) and improved stability (21.0%), being particularly suitable for environments characterized by moderate mean annual temperatures (15.1-20.0 ℃), drought conditions (precipitation <200 mm in growing season), clay texture, high soil bulk density (>1.5 g·cm^-3), high soil fertility (soil organic matter >20 g·kg^-1, and available phosphorus >30 mg·kg^-1), and high planting density (seeding rate >150 kg·hm^-2). Straw incorporation increased yield by 6.1% without significant stability effects and adapted better to drought conditions (precipitation ≤400 mm in growing season), medium-low soil bulk density (≤1.5 g·cm^-3), and appropriate nitrogen application rates (100-150 kg N·hm^-2). Although straw mulching provided limited yield increase (4.1%), it substantially improved yield stability (28.7%) and performed the best effect under moderate temperatures, drought conditions, sandy/loam soils, high bulk density, and suitable straw input (5-8 t·hm^-2). Reduced/no-tillage showed no general yield enhancement, while it significantly improved yield stability (23.1%), with yield benefits becoming significant only under specific conditions, including low temperatures, drought conditions, sandy/loam soils, low fertilizer input (N<100 kg·hm^-2, K₂O<50 kg·hm^-2), and low seeding rates (≤150 kg·hm^-2). Random forest analysis revealed distinct dominant drivers for each practice: the yield effect of reduced/no-tillage was primarily driven by phosphorus application rate, growing season precipitation, and mean annual temperature; straw mulching by growing season precipitation, seeding rate, and mean annual temperature; plastic film mulching by growing season precipitation, soil organic matter, and mean annual temperature; and straw incorporation by straw input, mean annual temperature, and soil organic matter.【Conclusion】Plastic film mulching, straw incorporation, and straw mulching were effective practices for enhancing wheat yield, with plastic film mulching showing the most significant effect. As their effectiveness depended substantially on climatic factors, soil properties, and agronomic practices, region-specific practices should be selected based on local climate-soil conditions, combined with optimized agronomic strategies, to maximize yield potential.

Spatio-Temporal Variation Characteristics and Driving Factors of Paddy Soil pH Changes in Jiangxi Province

ZHANG Yan, XU DaWei, FU PengHong, QIN ZhangJie, LAN Shuai, LIAO JianWu, HE QingGang, HE XiaoLin, LIANG Feng

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(12):  2671-2685.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.12.010

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【Objective】Taking paddy fields in Jiangxi Province as an example, this study aimed to clarify the characteristics of acidity changes in paddy fields from 2010s (2007-2014) to 2023, to quantitatively analyze the drivers and relative contributions of soil acidification in Jiangxi Province, and to explore the reasons for the changes in the contribution rate of each driver over time, so as to provide the theoretical basis for the improvement of arable land acidification and the enhancement of crop yields in Jiangxi Province. 【Method】Based on the public data of China Statistical Yearbook, Jiangxi Provincial Statistical Yearbook, Jiangxi Provincial Ecological Environment Statistical Bulletin, Jiangxi Provincial Cultivated Land Quality Long-term Positioning and Monitoring Report from 2010s to 2023, and related literature, the characteristics of the change of pH in paddy fields from 2010s to 2023 were clarified, the amount of nitrogen cycling, crop harvesting, and H⁺ production from acid deposition were calculated, respectively, and the contribution rate of three driver factors to the change of soil acidity was quantified. 【Result】The pH of paddy fields increased from 5.20 to 5.37 from 2010s to 2023, with an increase of 0.17 units; the proportion of strongly acidic soil (pH<4.5) decreased from 0.02% to 0.00; the proportion of paddy fields with acidic soil (pH 4.5-5.5) decreased from 84.4% to 70.7%; the proportion of weakly acidic soil (pH 5.5-6.5) increased from 14.9% to 26.7%; neutral and alkaline soil (pH>6.5) increased from 0.7% to 2.6%; about 26.8% of the paddy fields were acidified (∆pH<0), The area of paddy fields with pH changes ranging from -0.50 to 0.00 accounted for approximately 25.0%, while the area of paddy fields with pH changes less than -0.5 accounted for approximately 1.8%; and about 73.2% of the paddy fields had stable or increasing pH (∆pH≥0). Soil acidity changes in paddy fields in Jiangxi Province were mainly driven by anthropogenic activities, with an average contribution of 72.3% from nitrogen cycling processes, including ammonium nitrogen nitrification, nitrate nitrogen leaching, and plant uptake of ammonium nitrogen releasing H⁺; crop harvesting took away saline ions with an average contribution of 27.7%, and acid deposition had a weak effect (0.04% on average). H⁺ production from the nitrogen cycle showed an overall decreasing trend from 21.93 kmol·hm^-2·a^-1 to 13.93 kmol·hm^-2·a^-1; H⁺ production from salt-based ions floated less, fluctuating between 6.02 kmol·hm^-2·a^-1 to 7.60 kmol·hm^-2·a^-1; the amount of H⁺ produced by acid deposition decreased slowly, from 0.04 kmol·hm^-2·a^-1 to 0.00 kmol·hm^-2·a^-1. Reducing the amount of H⁺ produced by the nitrogen cycle process was a key factor in curbing soil acidification. 【Conclusion】The area of paddy fields with pH increase between 2010s and 2023 accounted for 73.2%, indicating that the soil acidification problem in Jiangxi Province has been alleviated. Nitrogen cycle was the main factor of acidity change in paddy fields, and the reduction of nitrogen fertilizer dosage was the main reason for the decrease of H⁺ production from nitrogen cycle, so optimizing fertilizer application technology and increasing organic fertilizer could effectively curb the acidification process, and improve the quality of arable land and crop yield.

Spatiotemporal Evolution of Agricultural Inputs-Driven Carbon Emissions in Northeast China over the Past 30 Years

WANG SiXiang, LIU YaLong, WANG Ping, WANG JingKuan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(12):  2686-2696.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.12.011

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【Objective】Northeast China serves as a crucial grain production base in the country and plays a vital role in national food security. However, the excessive input in grain production processes significantly affects agricultural carbon emissions in this region. Promptly elucidating the disparities in carbon emissions from agricultural inputs across different production processes is therefore imperative for advancing efficient low-carbon agriculture in Northeast China.【Method】Based on a series of statistical data such as agricultural input, output and sown area of major crops in Northeast China from 1991 to 2020, this study took the entire production cycle of crops as the research boundary, and uses methods, such as carbon emission coefficient method, geographical detector, spatial autocorrelation test and standard deviation ellipse analysis, to analyze the temporal variation law and spatial distribution characteristics of carbon emissions from grain production input, and finally made relevant countermeasure analysis.【Result】(1) In the past 30 years, the carbon emissions from agricultural input in Northeast China have shown an overall increasing trend, with a spatial distribution characteristic of being high in the middle (Shenyang- Changchun-Harbin line) and low in the surrounding areas, with an average annual carbon emission of 38.2 million tons. In 2020, the carbon emissions from agricultural input in various provinces in Northeast China in descending order were: Heilongjiang Province (19.5 million tons), Jilin Province (10.91 million tons), Liaoning Province (10.11 million tons), and Eastern Inner Mongolia (9.19 million tons). (2) Both the carbon emissions from agricultural input per sown area (Ga) and the carbon emissions from agricultural input per output (Gy) in Northeast China showed a distribution characteristic of being high in the east (eastern Liaoning Province, eastern Jilin Province) and low in the west (Eastern Inner Mongolia, western Heilongjiang Province). Ga increased from 1.37 kg CO₂eq·hm^-2 in 1991 to 1.67 kg COeq·hm^-2 in 2020, an increase of 21.9%, while Gy decreased from 0.36 t CO₂eq·t^-1 in 1991 to 0.32 t CO₂eq·t^-1 in 2020, a decrease of 11.1%. (3) The center of gravity of carbon emissions from agricultural input of crops in Northeast China showed an overall migration trend to the northwest of Changchun.【Conclusion】It was concluded that in the past 30 years, the carbon emissions from agricultural input in Northeast China have shown an upward trend, but the overall migration was to the northwest; the Ga of agricultural input of crops has continued to increase over time, while Gy has continued to decrease, but both showed a spatial distribution characteristic of being high in the east and low in the west. In the future, it was necessary to further strengthen the intelligent network management and control of agricultural input, improve the energy utilization efficiency of agricultural machinery, promote intelligent agricultural machinery, and innovate differentiated farming systems in various provinces and cities, so as to promote the carbon peak and carbon neutrality in the agricultural field.

HORTICULTURE

Molecular Mechanism of IBA-Induced Adventitious Root Formation in Peach Rootstock Cuttings

ZHANG Fan, WANG ChenBing, REN JiaXuan, LI Yu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(12):  2697-2711.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.12.012

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【Objective】Problems such as difficult rooting are common in the cutting propagation of peach rootstocks. The objective of this study is to explore the formation of adventitious roots (AR) of peach rootstocks induced by exogenous 3-indole butyric acid (IBA), and to clarify the multi-dimensional regulation mechanism of IBA promoting root formation from the perspective of physiological and molecular integration, so as to provide theoretical support and technical reference for efficient asexual breeding of peach rootstocks.【Method】Hardwood cuttings from the peach rootstock ‘GF677’ (a clonal line resistant to replanting) were used as experimental material. Water (CK) served as the control. Cuttings were immersed in IBA solutions at the concentrations of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1 000 mg·L^-1 at the base before being propagated by cuttings. The physiological and biochemical changes during rooting, along with related gene expression characteristics, were analyzed.【Result】300 mg·L^-1 IBA was the optimal rooting concentration, achieving a rooting rate of 91%. The indole acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin (CTK) contents and IAA/CTK in ‘GF677’ CT (treated with 300 mg·L^-1 IBA) reached the peak at 21 d of rooting stage, and the IAA and CTK contents in ‘GF677’ CK (cuttings with the base soaked in water) were lower than those in ‘GF677’ CT during the whole test period. The total nitrogen (TN) content of ‘GF677’ CT reached the peak at 28 d, and total phosphorus (TP) and total potassium (TK) contents reached the peak at 21-28 d. The peroxidase (POD) activity was highest at 7 d, while the indoleacetic oxidase (IAAO) activity decreased first and then increased at the cutting stage. The soluble sugar content of the two treatments showed a downward trend, and the ‘GF677’ CT was higher than the ‘GF677’ CK after 21 d. During the cutting period, the MDA content in the ‘GF677’ CK group was consistently higher than that in the ‘GF677’ CT group, with two peaks observed (at 7 and 21 d). In the ‘GF677’ CT group, MDA content peaked at 35 d (74.07 g·kg^-1). Transcriptome analysis revealed that IBA treatment significantly enriched pathways including plant hormone signaling, nitrogen metabolism, and sugar metabolism. In the hormone pathways, auxin-responsive genes such as Aux/IAA and AUX1, along with cytokinin response factors like B-ARR, exhibited differential expression; key genes in the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway (e.g., PYR/PYL) were significantly downregulated. In the nitrogen metabolism pathway, nitrogen transporter genes (Nrt) were significantly up-regulated, while nitrate reductase genes (NR) were down-regulated. In the sugar metabolism pathway, hexokinase genes (HK3) showed enhanced expression, while sucrose phosphate synthase genes (SPS1) and starch synthesis-related genes (SS1, GBSS, SBE1) were significantly down-regulated, indicating a shift in carbon metabolism from sucrose and starch synthesis toward breakdown for energy supply.【Conclusion】300 mg·L^-1 IBA promotes adventitious root formation in ‘GF677’ by synergistically regulating endogenous hormone homeostasis, driving the redistribution of mineral nutrients and carbon sources toward the basal region of cuttings, and integrating multi-level molecular pathways including hormone signaling, nitrogen assimilation, and glycolysis/catabolism.

Screening of Interacting Proteins for the Loquat Sunburn-Responsive Factor EjWRKY15 and Analysis of Its Regulatory Network

LI XiaoYing, CHEN XinPeng, GE Hang, CHEN JunWei, WANG Chen, XU HongXia

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(12):  2712-2725.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.12.013

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【Objective】Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), a significant economic fruit tree in southern China, is highly susceptible to sunburn injury during its ripening stage, which typically coincides with periods of high temperature and intense light. Sunburn manifests as fruit peel browning, tissue necrosis, and flavor deterioration, severely undermining both the marketability and economic value of the fruit. WRKY transcription factors, as plant-specific regulators of stress responses, play pivotal roles in abiotic stresses such as high temperature and drought. This study aims to analyze the function and regulatory mechanism of EjWRKY15 under sunburn stress, providing a theoretical foundation and candidate gene resources for elucidating the sunburn response pathways in loquat and developing sunburn-resistant germplasms.【Method】Centering on the transcription factor EjWRKY15, its interacting proteins were screened and validated to systematically characterize its expression profiles and molecular interaction networks under sunburn stress. A sunburn -induced yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) cDNA library of loquat fruit was constructed using SMART technology. The library capacity, titer, and recombination rate were evaluated through plating selection and sequence analysis. Using EjWRKY15 as the bait protein, potential interactors were screened from the library via the Y2H system. Functional annotation of the screened proteins was performed using NCBI, Swiss-Prot, and other databases, focusing on factors related to heat and stress responses. The physical interaction between EjWRKY15 and the candidate protein EjLHP1.2 (Like Heterochromatin Protein 1) was validated both in vitro and in vivo through one-on-one Y2H assays and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). Based on transcriptome data and correlation analysis, a molecular interaction network for loquat sunburn response was constructed with EjWRKY15 as the core node.【Result】A high-quality cDNA library of loquat fruit with a large capacity and high recombination rate was successfully constructed. After excluding background interference via bait self-activation assays, 12 candidate proteins interacting with EjWRKY15 were obtained, with functions involving epigenetic regulation, stress signaling, and substance metabolism. Notably, EjLHP1.2, which is closely associated with sunburn response, was identified as a key interactor. One-on-one Y2H and BiFC assays confirmed that EjWRKY15 and EjLHP1.2 interact physically both in vivo and in vitro. Expression analysis revealed that EjWRKY15 and its 12 candidate interactor genes exhibited significant differential expression patterns under sunburn stress. Based on the interaction data and expression correlations, an EjWRKY15-mediated sunburn response network was preliminarily established. The network suggests that EjWRKY15 may precisely regulate downstream heat-responsive genes by recruiting EjLHP1.2 and other factors.【Conclusion】This study identified the interacting proteins of EjWRKY15 and revealed its expression patterns and molecular interaction network in the sunburn response of loquat. The results elucidate the molecular mechanism by which the core transcription factor EjWRKY15 mediates the sunburn response of loquat fruit through its protein interaction with the epigenetic regulator EjLHP1.2 and the precise modulation of the associated interaction network. These findings reveal a novel stress-regulatory pathway involving the synergetic mode of transcription factor-chromatin remodeling protein in loquat under high temperature and strong light, providing critical theoretical support and gene resources for the molecular breeding of sunburn-resistant loquat varieties.

FOOD SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Effects of Differences in Fat Content and Distribution on Stewing Characteristics and Flavor Quality of Beef Brisket

ZHENG Jian, ZHANG ChangYan, XU Ying, LIU LiBao, PEI YiPing, REN PeiFang, DU JiaNuo, ZHANG ChunHui

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(12):  2726-2739.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.12.014

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【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the changes in processing characteristics and flavor quality during stewing of Brahman, Simmental, and Angus beef brisket, which exhibited differences in fat content and distribution. The findings were intended to provide a theoretical basis for selecting raw materials and optimizing the processing of high-quality brisket dishes. 【Method】Using the industrialized dish “Small Pot Brisket” as a model, briskets from Brahman, Simmental, and Angus cattle, representing distinct fat content and distribution profiles, were selected as research subjects. Their basic composition was determined. After stewing in clear water and in sauce, respectively, pH, cooking loss, color, shear force, microstructure, thiobarbituric acid value, fatty acid composition, and volatile flavor compounds were measured, combined with sensory evaluation to analyze their processing characteristics and flavor quality. 【Result】Significant differences (P<0.05) were found in the fat content and distribution among the three brisket types. Simmental had the highest total fat content (21.97%), followed by Brahman, with Angus being the lowest. Compared with Brahman and Simmental, Angus had 5.83% and 8.13% lower intermuscular fat content, respectively, but its intramuscular fat content was the highest (11.83%), with the most uniform overall fat distribution. After sauce stewing, the cooking loss of Angus decreased significantly from 35.50% (plain water stewing) to 32.92% (P<0.05), and its shear force was the lowest among the three (35.98 N). Microstructural analysis revealed a looser muscle fiber network, indicating the best tenderness. GC-IMS analysis showed that Angus produced a greater variety and higher content of aldehydes, ketones, furans, and nitrogen/sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds. In sensory evaluation, Angus also received a significantly higher overall acceptability score (8.18 points) than the other two groups. In contrast, Simmental and Brahman showed higher cooking loss and shear force under both stewing methods, resulting in poorer tenderness. Their fatty acid composition differed significantly from that of Angus, leading to weaker flavor intensity and complexity. Furthermore, sauce stewing improved product quality to some extent, with the degree of improvement varying depending on the raw material's fat distribution and post-stewing tissue structure. 【Conclusion】Uniform fat distribution was a key factor contributing to the significant advantages of Angus in processing adaptability, texture, and flavor quality. Considering all indicators, Angus was the most suitable for industrial production of seasoned sauce stewing dishes (such as pre-packaged “Small Pot Brisket”), as it effectively ensured standardized, high-quality product yield, tenderness, and flavor.

ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCE

Study of Translation Regulation Mediated by Conserved Motifs Within Senecavirus A Genome

LI Yan, DUAN XiaoXiao, WANG Jie, DASHZEVGE Erdenechimeg, LI ZhiJuan, WANG QianQian, LIU FuXiao

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(12):  2740-2749.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.12.015

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【Objective】Ribosome sequencing (Ribo-seq) technology was employed to analyze key sequences regulating translation elongation in the Senecavirus A (SVA) genome and to evaluate their impact on viral replication, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of SVA. Which could lay a foundation for clarifying the role of RNA elements in SVA coding region in translation regulation.【Method】Ribo-seq was performed using rSVA-eGFP as a model to generate a genome-wide translation profile of SVA and to identify ribosome pausing peaks. Synonymous mutations were then designed for the sequences corresponding to these pausing sites, and full-length cDNA recombinant plasmids were constructed. Replication-competent recombinant viruses were subsequently rescued through reverse genetics. The rescued viruses were subjected to serial blind passages, RT-PCR, sequencing, and growth-curve analyses to evaluate the effects of the mutations on viral replication. Representative recombinant viruses were selected for secondary Ribo-seq analysis to elucidate the effects of the modification site on viral replication and protein translation.【Result】Ribo-seq data revealed significant ribosomal translation-stall peaks in VP1, 2C, and 3D genes of SVA, suggesting the presence of key motifs that impede ribosome translocation. To test this hypothesis, synonymous mutations were introduced into these three regions to construct recombinant viruses. The results indicated that only the mutant in the 3D region successfully rescued replication-competent virus, and the introduced mutation remained stable after 20 consecutive passages, with no significant impact on viral growth kinetics. These findings indicated that the motifs in the 3D region were nonessential for viral replication. In contrast, mutations in the VP1 and 2C regions failed to produce viable viruses, demonstrating that the motifs in these regions were essential for viral replication. Further Ribo-seq analysis of the rescued virus revealed that the pausing peaks in both the 2C and 3D regions disappeared after mutation. This suggested that the key motifs in the 2C region, if any, were not the sole determinant of the translation rate of viral proteins, whereas the motif in the 3D region, although not required for viral replication, could modulate the translation efficiency of viral proteins.【Conclusion】Through genome-wide Ribo-seq profiling of SVA, this study identified critical sequence motifs that regulate translational elongation. The motifs in the VP1 and 2C regions were essential for viral replication, while the motif in the 3D region, though non-essential for viral replication, could affect protein translation rates.

Development of Double-Antibody Sandwich ELISA for the Detection of Clostridium perfringens ε Toxin (ETX)

HAN FengYe, LIU Ying, ZHU KaiYing, YIN ChunSheng, ZHANG QianYi, WEN YongJun, WANG FengXue, DU JiGe

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(12):  2750-2762.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.12.016

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【Background】Clostridium perfringens Epsilon toxin (ETX), recognized as the world's third most potent known biological toxin, causes severe economic losses in the livestock industry due to ETX poisoning. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish a diagnostic method for ETX that is highly specific, sensitive and easy to operate, and suitable for large-scale sample screening. 【Objective】This study aimed to produce mouse anti-ETX monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and establish a double-antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) for ETX detection, thereby providing a material foundation for early ETX diagnosis, epidemic surveillance, and the formulation of prevention and control strategies.【Method】BALB/c mice were immunized with inactivated crude ETX (inactivated ETX, iETX) and non-toxic recombinant ETX (rETX_m1) as immunogens. An indirect ELISA method and an indirect immunofluorescence assay, established using rETX_m1 as the coating antigen, were employed for mAb screening. The obtained mAbs were tested for ETX neutralizing activity, and mouse monoclonal ascites were prepared. Purification of mouse ascites was performed using Protein A affinity chromatography, followed by identification via SDS-PAGE and Western-blot analysis. A DAS-ELISA for ETX detection was established using rabbit polyclonal anti-Clostridium perfringens ε toxin antibody (capture antibody) and neutralizing monoclonal antibody (detection antibody). Optimal reaction conditions were determined by optimizing capture and detection antibody concentrations via a checkerboard approach. The method's cutoff value, specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility were validated prior to clinical application.【Result】A total of three hybridoma cell lines capable of stable passage and producing ETX-specific mAbs were selected and designated ETX-CH, ETX-ZH, and ETX-NH, respectively. Toxin neutralization assays revealed that ETX-ZH exhibited the highest neutralizing titer at the cellular level, while ETX-NH showed no neutralizing activity. In vivo toxin neutralization experiments in mice further demonstrated that ETX-ZH retained neutralizing activity against ETX in vivo. The purified ascites contained 2.3 mg·mL^-1 of ETX-ZH protein. Using the checkerboard method, the optimal dilution for capture antibody was determined to be 1﹕100, and for detection antibody, 1﹕1 600. The optimized conditions for this method were: capture antibody coating at 4 ℃ for 12 h, blocking with 5% skim milk at 37 ℃ for 2 h, antigen incubation at 37 ℃ for 90 min, detection antibody incubation at 37 ℃ for 30 min, incubation with enzyme-labeled secondary IgG antibody at 37 ℃ for 1 h, and TMB color development at 37 ℃ for 15 min. The positive cutoff value was 0.161, and the negative cutoff value was 0.143. The assay demonstrated high specificity with no cross-reactivity to other Clostridium perfringens toxins or purified proteins. It exhibited good reproducibility, with an intra-assay coefficient of variation ≤4.69% and an inter-assay coefficient of variation ≤5.32%. The lower limit of detection for rETX_m1 was 31.25 ng·mL^-1, and for ETX it was 0.5 MLD. Testing of eighteen multi-valent dry powder vaccines containing ETX-like toxins yielded a 100% detection rate for ETX.【Conclusion】The DAS-ELISA method developed using the prepared ETX mAb exhibited high specificity and good reproducibility, making it suitable for ETX detection.