Progresses in Research on Cloning and Functional Analysis of Key Genes Involving in Rice Grain Quality
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| ZHANG Chang-quan, ZHAO Dong-sheng, LI Qian-feng, GU Ming-hong, LIU Qiao-quan |
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Scientia Agricultura Sinica
2016,49(22
):4267
-4283. DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.22.002
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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cereal crops in worldwide and also a major stable food in China, thus it is very important to breed novel rice cultivars with high yield as well as good grain quality. Rice grain quality is a complex trait, and usually means rice or rice products meeting the demand of end-users. Therefore, the concept of rice grain quality covers multiple features revealed by the physical and chemical characteristics, including milled rice ratio, grain shape, appearance, cooking time, aroma and its retention after cooking, eating palatability, and nutrition. In general, rice grain quality includes as milling quality, apparent quality, eating and cooking quality (ECQ), and nutritional value. The grain shape is not only the factors associated with yield but also crucial aspects of grain quality. In the past decade, there were rapid and great achievements in the cloning and functional analyses of the genes involving in rice grain qualities. For grain size and shape, numerous QTLs and genes have been cloned and characterized. These cloned genes could be divided into three groups based on the phenotypes of the mutants. The first group is associated with not only grain shape but also plant phenotype, such as D1, D2, D11, D61 and SMG1. The second group appears to specifically affect grain trait, including GS3, GL3.1, GW7, GW2, GW5, GS5, GS6, TGW6, GW8, BG2, GW6a and GS2, which are well valuable for improvement of grain yield and quality. The third group is called small and round seed, such as the SRS gene. Chalkiness is associated with both grain appearance and milling property, and only few such QTLs have been finely mapped and cloned, including Chalk5, cyPPDK, G1F1, OsRab5a, FLOURYENDOSPERM2, PDIL1-1 and SSG4. The starch comprises about 90% of the dry matter of rice endosperm, and thus the grain quality is greatly affected by starch composition and structure. Therefore, the starch biosynthesis plays a crucial role in the formation of rice quality, especially the eating and cooking quality. Recent studies had made deep understanding of the regulation network of starch biosynthesis related enzymes, and several transcriptional regulators had also been proven for involving in starch biosynthesis, such as Dull, OsEBP89, OsEBP5, OsRSR1 and OsbZIP58. For seed protein content, most of the genes for seed storage proteins have been well characterized, and some other genes, such as OsSar, OsRab5a, OsAPP6, RISBZ1, RPBF, OsVPS9A, OsGPA3 and GEF2 have also been identified associating with protein sorting and transporting. The aroma of cooked rice contributes to consumer sensory acceptance, and recent studies have confirmed that the BADH2 and OsP5CS genes are responsible for the synthesis of fragrance material 2-AP. As for the other nutritional factors, such as the contents of essential amino acid lysine, vitamins, anthocyanin and minerals, also many functional genes have been cloned or elucidated. Taken together, all of the above traits are known to be genetically controlled by multiple genes, and also interact with each other. In present review, the genetic networks involving in regulation of rice grain quality in the last decade were summarized and updated. It will give a better understanding of the genes that contribute to the overall grain quality as well as lay a foundation for development of new strategies for grain quality improvement with high yield in rice.
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Progress in Research on Genetic Improvement of Nutrition and Health Qualities in Wheat
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| ZHANG Yong, HAO Yuan-feng, ZHANG Yan, HE Xin-yao, XIA Xian-chun, HE Zhong-hu |
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Scientia Agricultura Sinica
2016,49(22
):4284
-4298. DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.22.003
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The role of nutrition and health has become one of the main targets of research and breeding for major crops in the world. The research progress on micronutrients involving iron and zinc, resistant starch, dietary fibre as arabinoxylans, and a range of phytochemicals involving phenolic acids and sterols related to wheat quality, as well as wheat sensitivity and fusarium head blight related deoxynivalenol that have an impact on human health was reviewed from breeding point of view. Laboratory evaluation methods, germplasm screening, and QTL mapping on nutrition quality parameters as well as breeding, were summarized. China’s major strategies on wheat breeding program for nutrition and health improvement were proposed, with the following four areas being advanced: (1) analysis of the contents of micronutrients involving iron, zinc, as well as the bioavailability related factors phytate content and phytase activity, dietary fibres such as arabinoxylans and resistant starch, and phytochemicals involving phenolic acid and sterols should be strengthened, to screen materials with high quality of micronutrients, dietary fibre, and phytochemicals; (2) more efforts should be made in study on fusarium head blight and the results of study should be used in wheat breeding as early as possible; (3) development and utilization of molecular markers, especially functional markers in conventional breeding programs for speeding up wheat breeding, on the basis of gene mapping and cloning; (4) establishment of initiative project through strengthening international cooperation and domestic collaboration in research on addressing wheat quality, to find and extend the utilization of high quality methods on nutrients analyzation. The review addressed some crucial information on wheat related research and breeding programs for nutrition and health quality improvement.
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Recent Advances in Identification and Functional Analysis of Genes Responsible for Soybean Nutritional Quality
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| ZHANG Yu-qin, LU Xiang, LI Qing-tian, CHEN Shou-yi, ZHANG Jin-song |
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Scientia Agricultura Sinica
2016,49(22
):4299
-4309. DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.22.004
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Soybean is one of the most important cash crops and provides edible oil and vegetable proteins for human beings. The study of soybean is recently focused by researchers, breeders and public people, because its value is mainly determined by the content of oil, protein and isoflavones and the quality of soybean is directly related to the health of the human body. The profile of fatty acids in soybean oil has a great influence on the nutritional value, storage and processing technology. And the profile and accumulation of soybean oil was determined by activity of oil-biosynthesis-related genes, which regulated by many genes at pre-transcriptional, transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Recent study reveals that GmDof4 and GmDof11 were found to increase the content of total fatty acids and lipids in GmDof4 and GmDof11 transgenic Arabidopsis seeds, which activated the acetyl CoA carboxylase gene and long-chain-acyl CoA synthetase gene. GmMYB73 overexpression enhanced lipid contents in both seeds and leaves of transgenic Arabidopsis plants by promoting PLDα1 expression whose promoter can be bound and inhibited by GL2. The GmbZIP123 transgene promoted expression of two sucrose transporter genes (SUC1 and SUC5) and three cell-wall invertase genes (cwINV1, cwINV3, and cwINV6) by binding directly to the promoters of these genes, and increased seed oil-content. And GmNFYA promoted master regulator WRI and oil-biosynthesis-related genes to increase seed oil-content. Soybean protein contains 8 kinds of essential amino acids, and is a kind of excellent quality of vegetable protein which can replace some animal protein in the diet. The accumulation of plant oil and protein is often negatively related. GmDof4 and DmDof11 down-regulated the storage protein gene, CRA1, through direct binding promoter although GmDof4 and GmDof11 enhanced seed oil-content. Soybean isoflavones are secondary metabolites formed during the growth of soybean, which have a wide range of biological activities and physiological functions in animals and plants. In recent years, soybean isoflavones have become one of the most attractive functional components, and are also one of the hot spots in food and nutrition research. Flavonoids may regulate the development, growth, propagation and nitrogen fixation of plants by regulating the production of nodules. Beneficial effects of soybean isoflavones are shown in the treatment of breast cancer, prostate cancer, cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. GmMYB176 can regulate the expression of CHS8, and the interference of GmMYB176 expression decreased the soybean isoflavones levels in hair, indicating that GmMYB176 is essential for isoflavones biosynthesis. This review summarized the recent progresses in the gene cloning and regulation of soybean oil, storage protein and isoflavones accumulation. Other relevant advances and prospects were also compared and discussed. This review may give the current status of the studies on the regulatory mechanisms of soybean nutritional quality.
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Progress in Studies on Genes Related to Fiber Quality Improvement of Cotton
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| YANG Jun, MA Zhi-ying, WANG Xing-fen |
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Scientia Agricultura Sinica
2016,49(22
):4310
-4322. DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.22.005
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Cotton is an excellent and the most widely used natural fiber. With the improvement of living standards of people, the demand for more and better natural cotton fabrics is increasing continuously. Therefore, improving fiber yield and quality has become an important objective of cotton genetic breeding. To achieve this goal, cloning and functionally identifying cotton fiber development-related genes is the main foundation. Cotton fiber development consists of four distinct but overlapping stages, including fiber initiation, elongation (primary cell wall synthesis), secondary cell wall biosynthesis, and drying and maturation. The number of fibre cells per ovule is established at the initiation stage, and the length and strength of fibres are determined mainly at the stages of elongation and secondary cell wall synthesis. Cotton fiber development is a complicated and ordered process regulated by a large number of genes. To date, it has been reported that some genes play important roles in cotton fibre development, including various transcription factors, genes controlling the metabolism of plant hormones, cell wall and cytoskeleton-associated proteins, gene involving in the release or consumption of ROS, and lipid- and sugar- metabolism genes, etc. In order to provide reference for the future study of cotton fiber development and quality improvement, advances in the cloning and functional analysis of genes related to cotton fiber development were systematically summarized in this paper.
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