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Guidance: High Nitrogen Use Efficiency of High-Yielding Maize LIU Peng, DONG ShuTing, LI ShaoKun, ZHANG JiWang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2017, 50 (12): 2232-2237.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.12.004 Abstract （309）   HTML （9）    PDF （292KB）（744）       Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation for High-Yielding Maize Production Under Irrigated Conditions of Shaanxi ZHANG RenHe, WANG BoXin, YANG YongHong, YANG XiaoJun, MA XiangFeng, HANG XingHua, HAO YinChuan, XUE JiQuan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2017, 50 (12): 2238-2246.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.12.005 Abstract （248）   HTML （4）    PDF （464KB）（343）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of this paper is to study the dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in high-yielding spring maize under irrigated conditions of Shaanxi in order to realize high and stable yield in this area. 【Method】A field experiment was conducted by different agronomic managements with the high-yielding variety shandan609 as materials from 2013 to 2015. High yielding cultivations were practiced, and then the yield and yield component, LAI, SPAD, characteristics of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation were analyzed based on the maize high-yielding cultivation. 【Result】The average yields under farmers’ practice, higher yielding cultivation, super high yielding cultivation were 11.1, 13.1 and 16.1 t·hm-2, respectively, and 18.0% and 45.1% higher than those of control. Compared with the control, the higher yielding and super high-yielding cultivation had lower kernels per ear and thousand-kernel weights, but produced more ear number per hectare. More ears were the key to achieve maize high yield potential. The harvest indexes of higher yielding and super high-yielding cultivation were higher than that of farmers’ practice. Similarly, compared with the control, the higher yielding and super high-yielding cultivation showed more dry matter and nitrogen accumulation from silking to maturity and at maturity. In the super high-yielding cultivation, 41.8% greater dry matter production and 24.5% more nitrogen uptake after silking contributed 20.1% more to grain yield and 61.6% to grain nitrogen. Compared with the control, the higher yielding and super high-yielding cultivation also significantly increased LAI and SPAD values after silking. Grain yield was highly correlated with post-silking dry matter accumulation (r=0.988), and post-silking nitrogen accumulation (r=0.927). 【Conclusion】The results indicate that higher grain yield can be achieved by using integrated and optimized cultivation techniques under irrigated conditions of Shaanxi. The super high-yielding cultivation of spring maize has stronger photosynthetic potential, more dry matter and nitrogen accumulation (especially post-silking) and post-silking dry matter and nitrogen accumulation contributing to grain yield, thus providing a basis for production of super high-yield maize. The present study highlighted the benefits of integrating nutrient and agronomic management with matching the supply and demand of nitrogen to achieve maize high yield under irrigated conditions of Shaanxi. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Close Planting and Nitrogen Application Rates on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency of Different Density-Tolerance Maize Hybrids LI GuangHao, LIU Juan, DONG ShuTing, LIU Peng, ZHANG JiWang, ZHAO Bin, SHI DeYang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2017, 50 (12): 2247-2258.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.12.006 Abstract （311）   HTML （8）    PDF （399KB）（619）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of this experiment is to study the effects of close planting and nitrogen application rates on grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of different density-tolerance maize hybrids. 【Method】Two summer maize cultivars, density-resistant hybrid (ZD958) and non-density resistant hybrid (LD981), were used as experiment materials to study the effects of different planting densities ( 52 500, 82 500 plant/hm2) and nitrogen rates (0, 90, 180, 270, 360 kg N·hm-2) on dry matter accumulation, nitrogen translocation efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, yield and its components of different density-tolerance summer maize.【Result】 The 1000-grain weight and kernels per ear were significantly decreased with the increase of planting density at the same nitrogen application level, but the ear number, barrenness and lodging rate were significantly increased. The barrenness and lodging rate of non-density resistant hybrid were increased more significantly. The average 1000-grain weight and kernels per ear of ZD958 and LD981 were decreased by 6.24% and 6.77%, 7.52% and 18.09%, respectively, and barrenness and lodging rate of LD981 were as high as 17% and 27.6%, significantly higher than ZD958. The grain yield increased with increase of N application rate under high density condition, but the difference between N application rate at 270 kg·hm-2 and 360 kg·hm-2 was not significant. Under low density condition, the grain yield increased first and then decreased with increase of N application rate, and reached the maximum at N application rate of 270 kg·hm-2. The dry matter accumulation per plant decreased with the increase of planting density, while the population dry matter accumulation increased. Both of them increased with increase of N application rate, and the dry matter contribution rate increased after anthesis. Under the same nitrogen level, the high density treatments significantly increased the total N accumulation, N translocation and its contribution rate to grain. With the increase of planting density, the average total N accumulation, N agronomic efficiency and nitrogen utilization efficiency of ZD958 and LD981 were increased by 15.94%, 39.01%, 26.22% and 1.96%, 5.79%, 14.92%, respectively. Under the same planting density, the increase of nitrogen rate could improve the total N accumulation and assimilating amount of nitrogen after anthesis, while the nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity were decreased. With increase of planting density, the N translocation rate and N translocation rate of nutrient organs increased significantly. Under high planting density condition, the N translocation efficiency and contribution rate increased with increase of N application rate, while it decreased under low planting density condition. 【Conclusion】Under this experimental field condition, increased density and nitrogen application rate could significantly improve the dry matter accumulation of ZD958 and LD981. The effect of density on grain yield was significant between the two summer maize cultivars. Under the conditions of high density, increasing the amount of N fertilizer, the yields of two cultivars were increased significantly, while barrenness and lodging rate of LD981 increased significantly, which was the main reason for limiting grain yield increasing. Increasing density could significantly improve the nitrogen utilization rate and N translocation of vegetative organs. N assimilating amount after anthesis increased with increasing density in ZD958, and decreased in LD981. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased with increasing nitrogen application, but which could increase plant N uptake and nitrogen assimilation after anthesis under high density. combination of density and nitrogen could improve the yield and nitrogen utilization rate together. As far as the grain yield and nitrogen efficiency are concerned, the most optimal plant density and nitrogen rate of ZD958 were 82 500 plants/hm2 and 270 kg·hm-2, and the most optimal plant density and nitrogen rate of LD981 were 52 500 plants/hm2 and 180 kg·hm-2. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Different Maize Varieties and Nitrogen Supply on Root Characteristics and Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization Efficiency CHENG Yi, WANG HongZhang, LIU Peng, Dong ShuTing, ZHAO JiuRan, WANG RongHuan, ZHANG JiWang, ZHAO Bin, LI Geng, LIU YueE Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2017, 50 (12): 2259-2269.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.12.007 Abstract （305）   HTML （4）    PDF （470KB）（546）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Through the study of the relationship of maize root characteristics and nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency, shoot biomass and yield formation to prove the effect of root morphological characteristics and nitrogen uptake capacity of maize yield. And then provide theoretical basis for the high yield and efficiency of maize production.【Method】The experiments were conducted in 2014-2015 at the Technological Innovation Center of Maize in Huang-Huai-Hai Region (36°18' N, 117°12' E) and the State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, located at Shandong Agricultural University in Taian. To explore the effect of different maize varieties and nitrogen supply on root characteristics and nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency, using Jingke 968 (JK968), Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) and Xianyu 335 (XY335) as the experimental materials, setting two nitrogen levels, 1.5 g/plant (low nitrogen, LN) and 4.5 g/plant (high nitrogen, HN), sampling root and shoot of plant at tasseling stage and maturity stage for determination of the related indexes of root system (the root dry weight, root length, root surface area, root volume), dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and distribution in soil column tests.【Result】The results showed that grain yield and biomass per plant, each index of root, nitrogen accumulation amount per plant, nitrogen translocation rate, nitrogen harvest index and use efficiency of JK968 were all significantly higher (P＜0.05) than those of XY335 and ZD958. The biomass, grain yield, N accumulation amount per plant of JK968 were higher than those of XY335 and ZD958 by 15.2%, 17.7%, 9.0% and 31.6%, 44.1%, 31.4%, respectively, under LN level, 5.4%, 12.9%, 8.9% and 13.5%, 26.8%, 23.5%, respectively, under HN level. Compared with LN level, the biomass, grain yield, N accumulation amount per plant at the HN level of JK968, XY335 and ZD958 increased by 15.7%, 10.2%, 33.9% and 26.5%, 14.8%, 34.0% and 4.3%, 25.1%, 42.5%, respectively. The root dry weight, root length, root surface area, root volume of JK968 at tasseling stage are higher than those of XY335 and ZD958 by 41.8%, 9.0%, 47.1%, 24.0% and 63.2%, 41.6%, 60.4%, 105.1%, respectively, under LN level, 24.3%, 6.0%, 35.2%, 19.7% and 40.3%, 30.0%, 49.3%, 78.7%, respectively, under HN level. Compared with LN level, the root dry weight, root length, root surface area, root volume at the HN level of JK968, XY335 and ZD958 increased by 48.3%, 37.3%, 36.4%, 12.7% and 69.1%, 41.3%, 48.4%, 16.7% and 72.5%, 49.7%, 46.5%, 29.3%, respectively. The correlation analysis indicated that the amount of N-uptake showed a significant positive linear correlation with the root dry weight, root length, root surface area and root volume. The root index of different cultivars showed different responses to nitrogen, which the responsivity of each root index of JK968 to nitrogen was higher before tasseling but lower after tasseling than XY335 and ZD958. 【Conclusion】As for JK968, the root indexes of the whole growth period were significantly higher than those of XY335 and ZD958, it had a stronger nitrogen uptake ability and larger biomass, which were more distinct at the low nitrogen level. All these indicate that the larger root system of JK968 can ensure the nitrogen uptake to have higher nitrogen transportation efficiency, nitrogen contribution rate and nitrogen utilization efficiency, making for its material production, and finally obtaining a higher grain yield. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Different Cultivation Patterns on Root Characteristics, Yield Formation and Nitrogen Utilization of Summer Maize REN Hao, CHENG Yi, LIU Peng, DONG ShuTing, ZHAO Jie, ZHANG JiWang, ZHAO Bin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2017, 50 (12): 2270-2281.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.12.008 Abstract （241）   HTML （4）    PDF （459KB）（364）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of this study was to promote the growth of maize roots, enhance root absorption performance, and then reduce the amount of fertilizer, and then provide a theoretical basis for promoting the production of high yield and high efficiency by investigating the effects of different cultivation patterns on the root performance, grain yield formation and nitrogen uptake and utilization of summer maize, and exploring the relationship between root morphological characteristics and nitrogen uptake capacity of maize under different cultivation patterns. 【Method】Under two soil fertilities, with no nitrogen treatment as control (CK), three cultivation patterns including super high-yielding cultivation pattern (SH), high-yielding and high efficiency cultivation pattern (HH) and local farmer's practice(FP) in the long-term experiments by using ZD958 as testing varieties. The regulation of root characteristics on yield formation and nitrogen utilization in summer maize under different cultivation patterns were measured in fixed field experiment. 【Result】The yields of summer maize was significantly different among different cultivation patterns, compared with the HH, FP and CK patterns, the average yield of SH pattern in two years both in high soil fertility (HSF) and low soil fertility (LSF) were increased by 3.54%, 17.50%, 30.12% and 3.16%, 18.45%, 27.72% respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that both soil fertility and cultivation patterns had significant effects on summer maize yield, and comprehensive effect of double factors varied by years. The population biomass in high and low soil fertilities was SH > HH > FP > CK during the whole growing season. The total nitrogen accumulation in SH pattern was significantly higher than those in other patterns at the VT and R6 stages, and the N use efficiency and agronomic N use efficiency were higher than that of FP. HH pattern had the highest agronomic N use efficiency, nutrient use efficiency and nitrogen harvest index. Its nitrogen partial factor productivity was lower than FP, but still higher than the SH pattern. The results showed that summer maize root growth was greatly affected by different cultivation patterns. Root dry weight density, root length density and root surface area density were all expressed as SH > HH > FP > CK. From V12 to VT stage, increases in root length, root dry weight and root surface density of SH and HH patterns were higher than that of FP pattern, and decreases in that of FP pattern were highest from VT to R3 stage. The proportion of active absorption area of SH and HH patterns at VT stage was significantly higher than that in FP pattern. The root length density, root surface area density, root dry weight density were very significantly and positively correlated with yield and nitrogen use efficiency. 【Conclusion】HH pattern effectively promoted root development, delayed the senescence of root, improved the nitrogen use efficiency, achieved the high yield and high efficiency of summer maize. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Nitrogen Application on Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism of Different Summer Maize Varieties CHANG JianFeng, DONG PengFei, WANG XiuLing, LIU WeiLing, LI ChaoHai Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2017, 50 (12): 2282-2293.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.12.009 Abstract （271）   HTML （6）    PDF （468KB）（465）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The study is designed to put forward the physiological indexes of high and stable yield in maize and explore the new management ways by comparing the differences of carbon and nitrogen metabolism of different maize varieties under different nitrogen levels and analyzing its coordination. 【Method】 The study was carried out to compare the differences of yield, the staying-green duration of leaf, nitrogen uptake and translocation, the ratio of C/N, PEP carboxylase and RUBP carboxylase activity by field and pot experiments in Wenxian and Zhengzhou from 2009 to 2011, in which 4 varieties of summer maize, including ZD958, ND108, XD20 and YD2002, were planted at 60 000 plants/hm2 under four nitrogen levels of 0, 120, 240, 360 kg·hm-2.【Result】(1) The grain yield of 4 maize varieties increased significantly with nitrogen level increasing. In pot experiments, the yield gap of XD20 between different nitrogen levels was the biggest, and that of ZD958 was the smallest. However, under the field condition, the difference of maize except XD20 between N240 and N360 was not significant. (2) The comparison of nitrogen uptake and translocation during grain-filling stage indicated that the nitrogen in ZD958 vegetative organs could be preferentially transferred to the leaves under low nitrogen condition which contributed to the longer staying-green duration of maize leaf. For ND108, both of nitrogen uptake and translocation were larger, thus its leaf can also stay green longer, but the effective utilization of nitrogen was lower. For XD20, due to lack of mechanism of priority supply to leaves and lower N uptake of under low nitrogen condition, the leaf showed early senescence. For YD2002, because of larger nitrogen transfer amount from vegetative organs to grain under four nitrogen levels and smaller nitrogen absorption in root, the leaf also showed early senescence. (3)During the grain filling stage, the C/N ratio of leaf in ZD958 and XD20 were between YD2002 and ND108 in the condition of normal fertilization. For the mature stage, the grain C/N ratio of ZD958 and XD20 were higher than the other two varieties. (4)At mid filling stage, ratio of PEPCase and RUBPCase of ZD958 was significantly higher than the other three cultivars, that of YD2002 was lower, and that of XD20 and ND108 increased significantly with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer. 【Conclusion】The excellent coordination of carbon and nitrogen metabolism of maize was reflected in the translocation process of carbohydrate and nitrogen. The maize that be able to coordinate the contradiction between grain and vegetative organ demand for carbohydrate and nitrogen, and with a higher PEPCase/RUBPCase, could reach a high and stable yield. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Nitrogen Application Times on Stem Traits and Lodging of Summer Maize (Zea mays L.) in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain BIAN DaHong, LIU MengXing, NIU HaiFeng, WEI ZhongBo, DU Xiong, CUI YanHong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2017, 50 (12): 2294-2304.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.12.010 Abstract （275）   HTML （33）    PDF （1652KB）（499）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Stem lodging is an important adversity affecting summer maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai China Plain under current husbandry practices, and may limit progress towards the achievement of higher yields via increased plant population density. For this problem, the influence of nitrogen application time on the stem development and lodging property of summer maize was studied under field conditions for two successive years. The aim of the experiment is to provide a scientific basis for the nitrogen management of summer maize under high-yielding conditions to improve the stem lodging-resistance capability in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.【Method】The experiment was conducted with three different morphological characteristics hybrids and six nitrogen application times from 2011 to 2012. The hybrids were Xianyu335 with higher plant height and lower ear height (hereafter refers to as a XY), Xundan20 with medium plant height and higher ear height (hereafter refers to as a XD) and Jingdan28 with medium plant height and lower ear height (hereafter refers to as a JD). The nitrogen application times included seed manure (N1), seedling fertilizer (N2), jointing fertilizer (N3), big-bell stage fertilizer (N4), tasseling stage fertilizer (N5), and no nitrogen treatment (N0) as the control.【Result】The results showed that nitrogen application time had significant impacts on the morphological, anatomical and mechanical characteristics of summer maize stem (p＜0.05). N1, N2 and N3 treatments promoted the stem growth which the ear height coefficient and center gravity of plant, diameter, stem wall thickness, cortex thickness, big vascular bundles number and small vascular bundles number, stalk lateral breaking strength and stalk rind penetration strength of the third internodes and bending strength of plant were significantly higher than N0. The ratio of the length to diameter of the third internodes and the field lodging rate significantly reduced in N1 and N2, while slightly increased in N3 as compared to N0. There were no significant differences in the ear height coefficient and internode length under N4 treatment, but the diameter, anatomical and mechanical characteristics of the third internode were significantly higher than N0, and the ratio of internode length to diameter was slightly lower. And the field lodging rate was also significantly lower than N0. Nitrogen application at the tasseling stage had no differences on stem growth of summer maize, and the field lodging rate significant reduction was induced by the reduction of ear height coefficient and center gravity of plant. Furthermore, it was found that the grain weight, kernel numbers per ear and yield of summer maize under all the nitrogen application treatments were significantly higher than N0. The yield increasing rate of N3 and N4 which had higher grain weight and kernel number per ear were the first, followed by N1 and N2 which had more kernel number per ear and lower grain weight, and then was N5 which had higher grain weight and significant lower kernel number per ear. 【Conclusion】 The reasonable nitrogen application time could promote the stem growth of summer maize, significantly reduced the ratio of the length to diameter of the basal internodes and improved the stem lodging-resistance capability. The effects of N1 and N2 were the best, but the yield increasing rate was a little lower due to lower grain weight. The stem lodging-resistance capability was lower in N3 which resulted from the higher ratio of the internode length to diameter, and should be avoided in the summer maize culture. The stem lodging-resistance capability, yield and yield components in N4 were the best. Therefore, combining with previous researches, split nitrogen application with small amount in N1 or N2 while with high ratio in N4 is beneficial to promote stem and ear of summer maize growth robustly, and then promote grain yield and stem lodging-resistance of plant. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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