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Measurement of Skin Thickness Along the Whole Body Sites and Association Study with Candidate SNPs on Sus Scrofa Chromosome 7 in Bamaxiang Pigs HUANG Tao, HUANG Xiao-chang, QIU Heng-qing, YAN Guo-rong, HUANG Yi-zhong, ZHANG Yi-feng, JIANG Jia-cheng, ZHOU Li-sheng, REN Jun, MA Jun-wu, XIAO Shi-jun, HUANG Lu-sheng, YANG Bin, AI Hua-shui Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2016, 49 (16): 3219-3228.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.16.015 Abstract （432）   HTML （4）    PDF （1439KB）（458）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Skin thickness at 9 typical sites of the whole pig body were measured in Bamaxiang pig breed, one of the Chinese local miniature pig breeds. There are 46 candidate SNPs located in a major QTL affecting skin thickness on sus scrofa chromosome 7 (SSC7) were genotyped in the Bamaxiang pig population. One aim of this study is to make clear variation rule of skin thickness at different body sites in Bamaxiang pigs. The other aim is to verify the major QTL affecting skin thickness on SSC7 in Bamaxiang pig population by association study in a specific genomic region. Result of this study will contribute to further revealing the genetic mechanism of swine skin thickness in a larger pig population at whole genome level, and increase our understanding about pig skin. 【Method】A totle of 50 Bamaxiang pigs, including 27 females and 23 castrated males, were randomly selected from a Bamaxiang pig population consisting of 319 adult pigs, which were slaughtered at 300 days. The skin with 5 cm2 area were cut from 9 body sites of cheek, shoulder, back, loin, rump, chest, belly, armpit and trotter. Skin thickness at these 9 different body sites were accurately measured using digital caliper. The difference of skin thickness between pairwise body sites and the difference between females and castrated males were tested using the basic statistic package of R language. Pairwise Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated between skin thickness at different body sites, meanwhile their significant tests were done. A total of 46 SNPs located in the region from 34.5 to 36.2 Mb on SSC7 were selected and designed for genotyping on a SEQUENOM MassARRAY SNP Genotyping platform. Combined with the above phenotypes of skin thickness, association studies on the target candidate region were performed by a general mixed linear model using SNPasscoc package of R language. Based on the association results and biological function of genes, positional candidate genes were determined. 【Result】One-way analysis of variance showed that an extreme significant difference with a 2.95×10-117 probability existed among skin thickness at 9 body sites in Bamaxiang pigs. The thickest body sites were loin and back with skin thickness of (5.15 ± 0.92) and (4.97 ± 0.85) mm, respectively, while the thinnest sites were belly and armpit with skin thickness of (1.77 ± 0.36) and (1.97 ± 0.68) mm, respectively. The body sites with skin thickness from thick to thin in turn were loin, back, shoulder, cheek, rump, trotter, chest, armpit and belly. Skin thickness of castrated male pig at armpit was significantly thinner than female pig with a 0.021 probability. When compared between other pairwise body sites, skin thickness had no significant differences. There was no significant correlation between skin thickness at belly and back, between belly and shoulder, and between belly and cheek. Other pairwise combinations had a significant positive correlation. Association analysis between skin thickness at 9 different body sites and the above candidate SNPs suggested that the major QTL on SSC7 affecting skin thickness was also identified in Bamaxiang pig population. Three most promising SNPs were worthy of being further focused on. SNP (chr7:34856565) showed most significant association with skin thickness at loin (Pcor = 5.15×10-6), which was also the most significant site associated with skin thickness at shoulder (Pcor = 5.75×10-6). SNP (chr7:35543837) was the most significant site associated with skin thickness at armpit (Pcor = 3.05×10-5), at rump (Pcor = 0.010), at chest (Pcor = 0.013) and cheek (Pcor = 0.025), also was the second most significant site with shoulder. SNP (chr7:35573869) was the top significant site associated with back skin thickness (Pcor = 1.17×10-5), and followed by SNPs (chr7:35543837 and chr7: 34856565). Based on nearest genes of top SNPs and their biological function, ANKS1A and HMGA1 were preliminarily suggested to be positional candidate genes possibly affecting skin thickness in pigs.  【Conclusion】It was the first time to measure skin thickness at 9 different body sites and report the variation rule of skin thickness along the whole body in Bamaxiang pig breed, one of the Chinese local miniature pig breed. Meanwhile the major QTL affecting skin thickness on SSC7 was verified in Bamaxiang pig population, it provided an important clue and base to reveal the genetic mechanism of pig skin thickness in future. ANKS1A and HMGA1 might be positional causal genes affecting skin thickness in pigs, and it needs further verification of biological functional test. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Priority Approaches, Techniques and Models to Sustainably Tap the Grassland Productivity Potential HOU Xiang-yang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2016, 49 (16): 3229-3238.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.16.016 Abstract （395）   HTML （2）    PDF （421KB）（465）       Knowledge map    Save Grassland which covers 41.7% of the land area is the biggest terrestrial ecosystem of China, with an area at about 0.4 billion hm2. Grassland is not only the key resources for modern agriculture and animal husbandry, but also the critical defense for country’s ecosystem safety. However, because of the longtime unreasonable exploitation and utilization, the grassland are facing serious problems such as degrading ecological system, decreasing productivity, prominent conflicts between grass and livestock, low efficiency in animal production, etc. Because of the decreasing of the ecological and productive functions, the grassland area has become one of the limited areas for sustainable development strategy of China. Exploiting the potential of grassland production systematically and sustainably and improving the ecological and productive function of the grassland effectively are the key guarantees for reinforcing ecological safety and ecological civilization construction, accelerating the transformation and development of modern animal husbandry industry. There are three approaches to exploit the potential of grassland productivity. First, reconstruction of the degraded grasslands and improvement of the productivity of natural grasslands. Second, construction of the dry land artificial pasture. Third, development of high efficiency grass industry. Methods such as natural restoration, optimized utilization, and artificially development et al can be taken according to the degrading condition of the grasslands. As a result, these methods can accelerate the process of grassland restoration and improve the grassland productivity by 20% to 30%, even up to 40%-50%. Concerning the limitation of water and soil resources, in semiarid areas, the emphases should be put on changing crop land into forage land and developing dry cultivated pasture; breeding good quality forage varieties with the characteristics of drought resistance, cold hardiness, and grazing tolerance by exploiting the potential of native forage genetic resources. Improvement of the usage efficiency of water and soil resources and dry land productive efficiency by developing and using dryland cultivating technology, harvesting and processing technology, soil conservation technology, are all effective technologies. Through these development methods, grassland productivity can be increased by two to three times. In areas with sufficient and balanced water and heat resources, high efficiency water-saving irrigated artificial pasture should be constructed appropriately according to the local hydrological conditions. Assuming that if the productivity of this high efficient irrigated pasture can be improved by 10 to 20 times, the annual forage yield will be increased by 15 to 30 million tons, which is about the yield of 2 to 4 million ha natural grassland. Suggestions were put forward on guarantee of tapping the grassland potential continuous. First, taking full advantage of the driving function of grassland eco-compensation policy. It needs pushing on the transformation of the development mode to encourage the optimized management of grassland with the category of grass-animal balance. Second, carrying out the research and development actions to tap grassland productive potential sustainably. The key research and develop actions including the integration and demonstration of critical techniques to increase natural grassland productivity, the model and demonstration of high efficiency grass-animal husbandry industry techniques in semi farm semi herd areas, the technique choke points in forage production and procession to improve the usage efficiency of forages. Third, constructing modern grass industry demonstration in different areas. By constructing regional demonstration plot according to the grassland characters and areas, and building whole industrial chain, achieve the integration and optimal allocation of all kinds of resources. Forth, cultivating new business entities, improving and perfecting the market system, boosting the development of grass economics. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Studies of immunogenicity responses of mice immuned with eukaryon expression plasmid on PRRSV SD2 E containing CpG motifs Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2008, 41 (5): 1503-1510.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.05.033 Abstract （1347）      PDF （385KB）（792）       Knowledge map    Save The recombinant expression vector plasmid CpG-pVAX1-E was transfected into COS-7 cells by using lipofectamine methods.The ORF5 mRNA of transfected cells were detected by RT-PCR. The transient expression of PRRSV SD2 ORF5 nucleocapsid protein was detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA). In some transfected COS-7 cells, the green fluorescence was showed.The recombinant expression plasmid was inoculated into SPF mice.The antibody ies specific for E protein in serum were confirmed by ELISA. T lymphocyte proliferation test(MTT) were used to detect the number of CD4+ 、CD8 + and the T lymphocyte proliferation in peripheral blood of mice vaccinated. The results showed that the recombinant plasmid induced　CpG-pVAX1-E could induce higher response of cellular immune response and specific humoral immune responses in mice . CpG-ODN was effective adjuvant which could significantly enhance the immunogenicity of PRRSV SD2 ORF5 DNA vaccine. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Study of Compound Chinese Medicine against the Anti-avian Influenza Virus Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2008, 41 (5): 1511-1518.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.05.034 Abstract （1292）      PDF （351KB）（953）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】】To research the inhibition effects of compound Chinese medicine on the anti-avian influenza virus in vivo and in vitro, its pharmacokinetics and acute toxicity test , its effects on immune function of SPF chicken.【Method】the effects of direct inactivation,preventive and therapeutic of compound Chinese medicine on the anti-avian influenza virus were studied on chicken embryo and MDCK cell. Its pharmacokinetics was studied by drug residual accumulation. The acute toxicity test of compound Chinese medicine was studied by oral administration and intraperitoneal injection on Kunming mice. The effects of compound Chinese medicine on immune function of SPF chicken was studied by means of the indexes of immune organs in chickens,the contents of CD3、CD4、CD8 andγδTCR by FAC and antibody titer of avian influenza virus detected on HI method.【Result】The result showed that the compound medicine had a strong action of direct inactivation,preventive and therapeutic on the anti-avian influenza virus in vitro. Furthermore it inhibited avian influenza virus adsorbed in cell surface and entered into intracellular. It could prolong the mean death time of chicken and took effect on the chicken challenged the subtype H5N1 of highly avian influenza virus in vivo. The pharmacokinetics parameter showed that its elimination was slow. It had a long time in the mouse and it had long effect in the mouse. The study of acute toxic experiments on mouse was as following: After oral administration the compound medicine was safe. After intraperitoneal injection adminwastration, the LD50 was 425.6mg/kg.b.w.It enhanced cellular and humoral immune function and the indexes of immune organs in chickens.【Conclusion】The compound Chinese medicine is preventive and safe , prolong the mean death time of chicken and strengthen immunity of chickens. Related Articles | Metrics

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The prelimilary study on the potential of duck hepatitis virus（DHV-Ⅰ） stimulated the body weight gain and the effects of Silybin on it in younger duck Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2008, 41 (5): 1519-1523.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.05.035 Abstract （1572）      PDF （304KB）（853）       Knowledge map    Save [Aim]To evaluate the effects of duck hepatitis virus-Ⅰ(DHV-Ⅰ) on the body weight gain in duck and the effects of Silybin on it in vivo.[Methods] 86 10d old ducks,both male and female, were collected to be subjected to the test. The experiments were conducted in 7 groups: In geoup 1～3,the animals were inoculated with 1:105 diluted duck hepatitis virus infected allantoic fluids and given 0,30 and 50mg/kg.bw.d Silybin orally respectively. In group 4～6 ,the animals were inoculated with 1:5×105 diluted duck hepatitis virus infected allantoic fluids and given 0,10 and 30mg/kg.bw.d Silybin orally respectively.The group 7 was the control one treated by injecting stilled saline into the leg muscles. By the 4d after inoculation,the wein blood were drawed from the dorsal foot veins and the plasma samples were collectde and stored at -20℃ .The body weight gain were measured from 0 to 10 days after inoculation.The plasma IGF-Ⅰ,T3 and T4 consentrations were measured by RIA [Results]At the virus dose of 1:5×105 diluted virus infected allantoic fluids,the inoculations of the virus enhanced the body weight gain significantly compared with that of control (P<0.01). While 10～50mg/kg.bw.d Silybinin could counteract the effects of the virus on the body weight gain dose-dependently.The plasma IGF-Ⅰlevels showed no correlative with the body weight gain,but the T3 levels showed a same tropism with the body weight gain. [Conclution] Sublethal dose of duck hepatitis virus enhanced the body weight gain of younger ducks significantly,the Silybin could counteract this effect in vivo. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of antibodies against Diethylstilbestrol Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2008, 41 (5): 1524-1529.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.05.036 Abstract （1220）      PDF （364KB）（924）       Knowledge map    Save Four rabbit antisera against DES with high titers (>1∶1 000 000) were obtained by immunizing rabbits with DES immunizing antigen. One of them (No.4) was used to develop an indirect competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunoassay (Ci-ELISA) for the determination of diethylstilbestrol (DES). Four calibration curves were made by KCjunior software according to 4-parameter model. In the linear range of 0.01-50μg/L, the IC50 was 0.71～1.0μg/L，R2 was 0.9952～0.9978。The coefficients of variation intra-assay and inter-assay were 0.52%-22.48%, 2.64%-19.51% respectively．The antiserum No.4 had cross reactivity of 8.5%, 38.5% with other two synthetic anabolic HEX, DIEN respectively. But had hardly cross reactivity with native estrogen E2, EE2 and Tyr. Related Articles | Metrics

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Nutritional Crossbreed of Honeybee and Breeding of Resistibility on Mite Xian-Bing XIE Wen-Jun PENG Zhi-Jiang ZENG Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2008, 41 (5): 1530-1535.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.05.037 Abstract （1250）      PDF （250KB）（1012）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Mite（varroa jacobsoni）is one of the most serious parasite threat to the honey bee (Apis mellifera) reared in china. We mainly use the drug to control and kill the mite for these years, but the honey products may be contaminated and the mite is becoming drug-resistant. Our main idea is to research the possibility to rear the mite-resistant honeybee by the nutritional crossbreed. 【Method】Breed the larvae (Apis mellifera ligustica) with the royal jelly of Apis carana carana, and then measure the morphological index of the worker generation, genotypic frequency and gene frequency of the MHCⅡ, genetic resemblance and mite resistance..【Result】Compared with the parent workers the results showed: proboscis length, anterior wing area, the total length of 3rd and 4th dorsal plate of abdominal, the length of 4th dorsal plate tuberculum, the area of 6th abdominal segment, the area of wax mirrors are significant different, but the differences of the brachium index, dactylus index and wing claw are not significant. And there are some mutation in the genotypic frequency and gene frequency of the MHCⅡ. The mite resistance of the nutritional crossbreed worker are significantly higher.【Conclusion】We can change the morphological, physical and biochemical character, genetic resemblance and the mite resistant ability of the worker generation by the nutritional crossbreed. The nutritional crossbreed can be a new way to breed the honeybee. Related Articles | Metrics

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