Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (10): 2249-2264.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.10.013

• FOOD SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Multi-Omics Reveals Mechanisms of Lipid Stabilization in Japonica Rice During Prolonged Low-Temperature Storage

DONG Xue(), LIU JiaLe, SHAO Jin, CHEN MengQiu, WU XueYou, TANG PeiAn()   

  1. College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Jiangsu Modern Grain Circulation and Safety Collaborative Innovation Center/Key Laboratory for Quality Safety Control and Deep Processing of Cereals and Oils in Jiangsu Universities, Nanjing 210023
  • Received:2025-10-10 Accepted:2026-01-28 Online:2026-05-16 Published:2026-05-20
  • Contact: TANG PeiAn

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Abstract:

【Background】Rice is a staple food for over half of the global population, and the postharvest quality deterioration of paddy rice is closely linked to lipid degradation. Low-temperature storage represents an effective strategy for maintaining rice quality and achieving green storage. However, the intrinsic mechanisms by which prolonged low-temperature storage coordinately regulates rice lipid metabolism at the level of metabolite dynamics and gene expression networks to maintain its stability have not been fully elucidated.【Objective】This study aimed to integrate multi-omics technologies to systematically elucidate biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying lipid stability in japonica rice during long-term low-temperature storage.【Method】Fresh Nanjing 46 paddy rice was stored at 25 and 15 ℃ for 360 days, with sampling every 30 days. An integrated approach combining physiological and biochemical analyses, lipidomics, and transcriptomics was employed to systematically investigate stabilization mechanisms.【Result】Low-temperature storage effectively maintained rice lipid stability through a multi-layered regulatory network. Regarding membrane lipid metabolism, low-temperature storage downregulated PLDα1, thereby delaying the hydrolysis of phospholipids, including phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylcholine, and helping to maintain cellular membrane integrity. Additionally, reduced expression of OsCDase limited sphingolipid degradation, further enhancing plasma membrane stability. In terms of lipid hydrolysis, lipase activity was suppressed under low-temperature conditions, inhibiting triglyceride hydrolysis. In oxidative metabolic pathways, the downregulation of OsFAD2 and ACX1 genes inhibited polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation, thus alleviating oxidative stress. Reduced lipoxygenase (LOX，Lipoxygenase) activity at low temperatures further mitigated the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, thereby minimizing off-flavor formation.【Conclusion】During rice storage, lipid hydrolysis served as a critical precursor to oxidation, with both processes jointly determining quality deterioration. Low-temperature storage simultaneously inhibited lipid hydrolysis and oxidation pathways, consequently maintaining lipid compositional stability at the metabolomic level and delaying quality decline at the phenotypic level.

Key words: rice (Oryza sativa L.), low-temperature storage, lipid metabolism, transcriptomics, metabolomics, grain quality

Table 1

Primers sequences used for qPCR analysis"

基因ID Gene 基因名称 Gene name 引物序列 Primer sequences (5' to 3') 产物大小 Amplicon size (bp)
Os02g0753300 Os02g0753300 F: CCCTCCTCTTCCTCCTC 145
R: ACGCACTCCATCTTGTC
Os10g0361900 Os10g0361900 F: CCAGCTACCTCATCCTC 80
R: GGTCTTGACGACGATCT
Os04g0447100 OsLOX6 F: AAGAACGAGATGCTGTC 106
R: CTCCTTGAAGAGGTTGTC
Os05g0355800 Os05g0355800 F: CCACGACGACATGACTG 118
R: CGGACTACACCAACACG
Os07g0162900 OsCDAP3 F: CGAAAGAACTCCTGGAAC 99
R: GTTGCGGTATGAGATGAG
Os06g0531900 OsGELP85 F: GCAACTACAACTTCAACCT 141
R: CATTCAGCCAGCCATTG
Os05g0408300 Os05g0408300 F: CTTAGCCTTACTTCCTTGT 135
R: ATAGACGATAACTCCAATCC
Os02g0796600 OsSTA82 F: GAGGCTGTTTATGACTGT 85
R: GTCCACTTCCAACTGATT
EF-la F: AGACCACCAAGTACTACTGCAC 540
R: CCACCAATCTTGTACACATCC
Actin F: AGACTACATACAACTCCATCAT 80
R: CACCACTGAGAACGATGT

Fig. 1

Changes of lipid-related quality parameters Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between the same treatment with different storage times (P<0.05). Significant differences between treatments at the same time point are denoted by asterisks (*, **, *** indicating P<0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively)"

Fig. 2

Changes in lipid species and metabolic pathways during rice grain storage under different conditions A: Lipid classification and relative abundance across major lipid categories; B: Principal component analysis (PCA) of lipidomic profiles across storage conditions; C: Heatmap of differential lipid subclasses (Top 20) abundance across samples; D: KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of significantly altered lipids under low-temperature storage conditions. Storage conditions include fresh rice grains (A0), storage at 25 ℃ for 180 days (AP180) and 360 days (AP360), and storage at 15 ℃ for 180 days (LT180) and 360 days (LT360). The same as below"

Fig. 3

Fatty acyl structural characteristics and their differential responses to storage temperature"

Fig. 4

Changes in gene expression and functional enrichment during rice grain storage under different conditions"

Fig. 5

Relative expression levels of key genes involved in lipid metabolism during rice grain storage under different conditions based on KEGG pathway analysis Different lowercase letters indicate significantly different according to Tukey’s HSD test (P<0.05)"

Fig. 6

The expression levels of lipase and LOX-related genes during rice grain storage under different conditions Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (P<0.05) across time points. Asterisks (*, **, *** indicates P<0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively) indicate statistically differences between two storage conditions. ns indicate no significant difference"

Fig. 7

Multi-omics integrative analysis during paddy rice storage In Fig. A, colors indicate the direction of Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) (red, positive; blue, negative), and dot size is proportional to |r|. Statistical significance is denoted by asterisks (*: P<0.05, **: P<0.01, ***: P<0.001). In Fig. B, node colors represent variable categories: red, quality/oxidation phenotypic traits; orange, enzyme activities; green, lipid features; and blue, candidate genes. Edges indicate significant correlations, with red and blue representing positive and negative correlations, respectively; edge width is proportional to correlation strength (|r|)"

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