Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (2): 427-440.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.02.015

• ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCE • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Analysis of Body Size Traits During Growth and Development and Comparison of Meat Quality and Flavor Between 13 and 16 Weeks Lueyang Black-Bone Chickens

LI Yun(), ZHANG Fan, ZHOU YongQi, QIAO ZhiHao, LIU YanLi()   

  1. College of Animal Science, Northwest A &F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
  • Received:2025-03-13 Accepted:2025-12-25 Online:2026-01-16 Published:2026-01-22
  • Contact: LIU YanLi

Abstract:

【Objective】 The meat of Lueyang black-bone chickens is delicious and nutritious, and has the value of medicine and food therapy, which has a special flavor. However, there are few studies on its flavor substances, especially the lack of systematic sensory flavor analysis. This study provided the theoretical basis for the selection of marketing time of Lueyang black-bone chickens by analyzing the body size traits in the growth and development and comparing the flavor differences of breast muscles. 【Method】 The experiment selected 30 Lueyang black-bone chickens randomly, and the body weight and body sizes at the age of 3, 6, 8, 10, 13, and 16 weeks were measured to analyze dynamic growth and development process. At 13 and 16 weeks of age, 10 chickens were randomly selected for slaughter for collecting the chest muscle and analyzing their volatile flavor substances by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF MS) combined with multivariate data. 【Result】 The growth rate of Lueyang black-bone chickens was faster before 13 weeks, and there was a significant difference in body weight and body size (P<0.05), while the growth rate slowed down after 13 weeks, there was no significant difference in body weight between 13 and 16 weeks (P>0.05). Body size indexes (chest width, chest depth, keel length, etc.) also tended to be stable after 13 weeks (P>0.05). The results of the meat quality analysis showed that there was no significant difference in pH, shear force and dripping loss between 13 and 16 weeks (P>0.05), indicating that the 13 weeks had reached physiological maturity. The results of flavoromics analysis showed that 642 and 660 flavor substances were identified in the chest muscle of 13 and 16 weeks Lueyang black-bone chickens respectively, among which alcohols, aldehydes, esters and hydrocarbons were the main components. Sensory analysis showed that the breast muscles of 13 weeks Lueyang black-bone chickens were significantly better than those of 16 weeks in aroma note types of sweety, green and fruity, and this difference was closely related to fatty acid composition. 43 key differential flavor substances were further screened, and Phenol, Pyrazine, 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 3-methyl- and Trichloromethane were found to be the main volatile compounds responsible for the flavor difference between 13 and 16 weeks chest muscles. Correlation analysis showed, 1H-pyrrole,2-methyl-, 2-Cyclopenten-1-one,3-methyl-, 2-Hexene,3,5,5- trimethyl-, 2(3H)-Furanone,5-butyldihydro-, Ethanone,1-(4,5-dihydro-2-thiazolyl)-, Formamide, N, N-dibutyl-, Phenol, Pyrazine, Pyrazine, methyl- and Trichloromethane (green and fruity substances) were significantly negative correlation with the total amount of fatty acids, and 1-Heptanol,2-propyl- and Biphenyl (lipid fragrance precursor substance) were significantly positive correlation with the total amount of fatty acids (|r|>0.5,P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 The chest muscle at 13 weeks had a more obvious floral, fruity, and sweety aroma. The higher fatty acids content in the chest muscle at 16 weeks might be richer after cooking. Considering the growth rate, flavor characteristics and breeding cost, it was possible to market the Lueyang black-bone chickens at 13 weeks of age in advance.

Key words: Lueyang black-bone chickens, chest muscle, flavoromics, volatile organic compounds, listing date

Fig. 1

Comparison of phenotypic character at different growth stages A: Body weight; B: Shank circumference; C: Chest width; D: Chest depth; E: Keel length; F: Body slope length. The same letter indicates no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05), and the different letter indicates significant difference (P<0.05)"

Fig. 2

Comparison of meat quality at 13 and 16 weeks"

Fig. 3

The results of electronic nose at 13 and 16 weeks A: Radar map; B: PCA correlation analysis; C: Sensor response values. * indicates P<0.05, and ** indicates P<0.01"

Fig. 4

The results of flavoromics at 13 and 16 weeks A: Flavor substance count; B: The type of flavor substance; C: Veen of flavor substance count; D: The relative content of flavor substance"

Fig. 5

Comparison of differential compounds at 13 and 16 weeks A: Differential compounds count; B: OPLS-DA Score plot (R2X = 0.465, R2Y = 0.999, Q2 = 0.722); C: A heat map for the differential compounds (VIP>1 & P<0.05)"

Table 1

43 differential flavor compounds"

名称
Name
VIP值
VIP value
P
P value
感官风味
Sensory flavor
上调化合物 Up compound
十四烷醛 Tetradecanal 1.501 0.028 花香, 柑橘皮香, 熏香, 脂香, 蜡质的 Floral, citrus peel, incense, fatty, waxy
十三醛 Tridecanal 1.508 0.028 花香, 新鲜的, 醛香, 肥皂感, 甜香 Floral, fresh, aldehydic, soapy, sweety
顺式-4-癸烯醛 cis-4-Decenal 1.517 0.026 /
2-丙基-1-庚醇 1-Heptanol, 2-propyl 1.978 0.001 /
十二烷醛 Dodecanal 1.682 0.010 清香, 醛香, 花香, 柑橘香, 蜡质的 Green, aldehydic, floral, citrus, waxy
噻唑-4-甲醛 Thiazole-4-carboxaldehyde 1.644 0.012 /
苯乙醛 Benzeneacetaldehyde 1.804 0.025 清甜的, 清香, 可可香, 花香, 甜香 Honey, green, cocoa, floral, sweety
十五醛 Pentadecanal 1.485 0.030 /
3-噻吩甲醛 3-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde 1.673 0.015 /
联苯 Biphenyl 1.699 0.012 天竺葵花香, 强烈的气味, 清香, 玫瑰香 Geranium, pungent, green, rose
苯乙酸乙酯 Benzeneacetic acid, ethyl ester 1.979 0.001 清甜的, 玫瑰香, 花香, 果香, 甜香 Honey, rose, floral, fruity, sweety
丙基苯 Benzene, propyl- 1.489 0.031 /
壬酸乙酯 Nonanoic acid, ethyl ester 1.701 0.009 果香, 玫瑰香, 酒香, 天然的, 蜡质的 Fruity, rose, wine, natural, waxy
L-缬氨酸,乙酯 L-Valine, ethyl ester 1.643 0.014 /
乙氧基环己烷 Cyclohexane, ethoxy 1.638 0.018 /
十四烷 Tetradecane 1.394 0.044 烷烃风味, 温和的, 蜡质的 Alkane, mild, waxy
十一烷 Undecane 1.622 0.020 烷烃风味 Alkane
十九烷 Nonadecane 1.480 0.033 烷烃风味, 清淡的 Alkane, bland
3-甲基十三烷 Tridecane, 3-methyl 1.849 0.002 /
2-壬酮 2-Nonanone 1.591 0.017 药草香, 清香, 新鲜的, 肥皂感, 甜香 Herbal, green, fresh, soapy, sweety
2-戊基呋喃 Furan, 2-pentyl 1.480 0.032 果香, 青豆气味, 泥土香, 果蔬香, 似黄油风味
Fruity, green bean, earthy, vegetable, butter
亚硝基甲烷 Methane, nitroso 2.006 <0.001 /
二甲基二硫化物 Disulfide, dimethyl 1.543 0.022 果香, 清香, 腐臭味, 坚果香, 柑橘香Fruity, green, putrid, nutty, citrus
下调化合物 Down compounds
二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸甲酯
Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-, methyl ester
1.472 0.027 /
3,5,5-三甲基-2-己烯 2-Hexene, 3,5,5-trimethyl 1.905 0.015 /
二丁基二硫代氨基甲酸甲酯
Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl-, methyl ester
2.002 0.007 /
异戊醇 1-Butanol, 3-methyl 1.505 0.028 果香, 麦芽香, 烧焦味, 威士忌风味, 酒精气味
Fruity, malt, burnt, whiskey, alcoholic
2-甲基吡嗪 Pyrazine, methyl 1.896 0.001 清香, 巧克力感, 可可香, 烘焙香气, 烤花生香
Green, chocolate, cocoa, roasted, peanut
2-甲基-1H-吡咯 1H-Pyrrole, 2-methyl 1.943 0.011 /
3-环己烯-1-腈 4-Cyanocyclohexene 1.812 0.003 /
苯酚 Phenol 2.128 <0.001 塑料味, 橡胶味, 酚类风味 Plastic, rubber, phenolic
3-甲基-2-环戊烯-1-酮 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 3-methyl 2.095 <0.001 果香, 脂香, 甜香 Fruity, fatty, sweety
1-硝基己烷 Hexane, 1-nitro 1.919 0.001 /
氯仿 Trichloromethane 2.056 <0.001 甜香, 强烈的气味, 令人窒息的 Sweety, etherous, suffocating
吡嗪 Pyrazine 2.111 <0.001 榛子风味, 强烈的气味, 大麦香, 烘焙香气, 甜香
Hazelnut, pungent, barley, roasted, sweety
γ-八内酯 2(3H)-Furanone, 5-butyldihydro 1.434 0.036 椰子风味, 奶制的, 甜香, 脂香, 蜡质的Coconut, dairy, sweety, fatty, waxy
3-甲基丁内酯 2(3H)-Furanone, dihydro-4-methyl 1.683 0.009 /
2-乙酰基-2-噻唑啉
Ethanone, 1-(4,5-dihydro-2-thiazolyl)
1.784 0.024 碎粒感, 坚果香, 烘焙香气, 面包风味, 爆米花气味
Chip, nutty, roasted, bread, popcorn
N,N-二丁基甲酰胺 Formamide, N,N-dibutyl 1.972 0.001 /
乙苯 Ethylbenzene 1.967 0.001 /
对二甲苯 p-Xylene 1.719 0.026 /
1-甲氧基-2-丙醇 2-Propanol, 1-methoxy 1.721 0.031 轻盈的, 氨味 Etherish, ammonia
1-丁醇 1-Butanol 1.494 0.026 果香, 甜香, 药味, 杂醇油, 油腻的 Fruity, sweety, medicine, fusel, oily

Fig. 6

Correlation plot between differential compounds and sensory flavor characteristics A: PCA correlation analysis; B: Sensory radar map; C: The relationship between the main flavor substances and different aroma types."

Table 2

The quantitative results of 29 differential fatty acids"

名称 Name W13 (µg·g-1) W16 (µg·g-1) PP value
C12:0 0.4755 1.2610 0.007
C13:0 0.0538 0.1261 0.002
C14:0 9.4432 38.7423 <0.001
C15:0 2.2350 6.2193 0.004
C16:0 765.9851 1289.0877 0.004
C16:1N7 62.3954 296.9428 <0.001
C17:0 4.1644 16.2919 <0.001
C17:1N7 12.2400 18.4608 0.032
C18:0 306.5123 1158.2118 <0.001
C18:1N9 864.6827 1962.8961 0.001
C18:2N6 637.8241 1520.0949 0.001
C18:3N3 6.3606 39.1177 0.001
C18:3N6 2.8909 9.2185 <0.001
C20:0 2.9312 10.0755 <0.001
C20:1N9 6.9957 25.2541 <0.001
C20:2N6 23.3284 43.9469 0.008
C20:4N6 552.9604 770.6073 0.016
C20:5N3 0.3705 2.0093 0.003
C21:0 0.1340 0.3431 0.008
C22:0 16.7759 8.4232 <0.001
C22:4N6 142.5059 201.4007 0.010
C22:5N3 73.8491 103.0261 0.015
C22:5N6 46.1703 68.9706 0.006
C24:0 2.3222 3.1934 0.020
Total_N3 83.7879 146.8207 0.001
Total_N6 1451.1665 2656.9755 0.001
Total_MUFA 1061.3986 2460.2975 <0.001
Total_PUFA 1534.9544 2803.7962 0.001
Total_SFA 1111.3972 2532.6446 <0.001

Fig. 7

Heat map of the correlation between differential compounds and differential fatty acids"

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