Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (16): 3293-3303.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.16.012

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• SPECIAL FOCUS: NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR ANNUAL RICE-RAPESEED ROTATION • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Characterization of Crop Yield and Nutrient Apparent Balance Between Direct and Burning Straw Return in Rice-Rapeseed Rotation System

XIONG ZhiHao1(), LIU JunQuan2, YE Lin2, ZHU DanDan1, HOU SuSu1, FANG YaTing1, CONG RiHuan1, REN Tao1, LI XiaoKun1,*(), LU JianWei1   

  1. 1 College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070
    2 Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxue City, Huanggang 435401, Hubei
  • Received:2025-04-14 Accepted:2025-06-12 Online:2025-08-11 Published:2025-08-11
  • Contact: LI XiaoKun

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Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term different straw return methods on productivity and apparent balance of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients in rice-rapeseed rotation system, in order to provide the theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of straw resources in the rotation system.【Method】The field experiment was located in Wuxue City, Hubei Province, and started in 2014, with three treatments of straw not return (NPK), direct straw return (NPK+St) and burning straw return (NPK+Sb), to determine and analyze the yields, nitrogen/phosphorus/potassium nutrient uptake and their apparent balances and other related indicators of rice and rapeseed in the consecutive 10-year period from 2014 to 2024.【Result】The average results of the 10-year experiment showed that compared with the NPK treatment, the rice and rapeseed yield in the NPK+St treatment increased significantly by 7.7% and 10.7%, respectively; the rapeseed yield in the NPK+Sb treatment increased significantly by 5.2%, and the effect of yield increase on rice was not significant. The yield increase effects of NPK+Sb and NPK+St increased with the increase in years of straw return, and in the 6th year reached the significant level. Based on the annual nutrient uptake characteristics, compared with the NPK treatment, the annual nitrogen uptake in the NPK+St and NPK+Sb treatments increased by an average of 11.6% and 2.9%, respectively, the annual phosphorus uptake increased by an average of 11.9% and 10.2%, respectively, and the annual potassium accumulation increased by an average of 55.8% and 39.1%, respectively. Direct straw return significantly enhanced the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients in the rotation system. Burning straw return effectively increased the absorption of phosphorus and potassium nutrients in the rotation system. The annual nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium surplus of rice-rapeseed rotation in the NPK treatment were 101.3 kg N·hm-2·a-1, -8.9 kg P2O5·hm-2·a-1 and -296.6 kg K2O·hm-2·a-1, respectively. The annual nitrogen surplus in the NPK+St treatment averaged 166.1 kg N·hm-2·a-1, with an increase of 64.0%. The annual phosphorus and potassium nutrient surpluses were realized for both NPK+St and NPK+Sb treatments, with surpluses of 33.0 and 19.0 kg P2O5·hm-2·a-1, 79.4 and 21.3 kg K2O·hm-2·a-1, respectively. 【Conclusion】Direct and burning straw return significantly increased the crops production potential and nutrient uptake by promoting nutrient cycling in the rice-rapeseed rotation system. The effect of stabilizing rice yield and increasing rapeseed yield was shown among the different crops in the rotation. The straw direct return was more favorable to increase crop yield and to maintain the nutrient balance of the farmland than the straw burning return. Therefore, it was recommended to promote the direct straw return approach in the process of farmland production in order to fully utilize its advantages of yield enhancement, stabilization, and nutrient balancing, and to promote the sustainable development of the rice-oil rotation system.

Key words: rice-rapeseed rotation, straw return method, yield, nutrient uptake, nutrient apparent balance

Table 1

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient losses after rice and rapeseed straw burning"

秸秆
Straw		 干物质量 Dry matter (g) N (g) P2O5 (g) K2O (g) 损失率 Loss ratio (%)
焚烧前
Before burning 		焚烧后
After burning 		焚烧前
Before burning 		焚烧后
After burning 		焚烧前
Before burning 		焚烧后
After burning 		焚烧前
Before burning 		焚烧后
After burning 		N P2O5 K2O
水稻 Rice 100.56 14.11 0.968 0.079 0.689 0.403 3.438 3.123 91.4 35.9 10.3
油菜 Rapeseed 100.47 5.63 0.600 0.024 0.075 0.031 1.775 1.499 96.5 8.7 15.5

Fig. 1

Effects of direct and burning straw return on rice and rapeseed grain yield Different lowercase letters indicate differences between treatments at the 0.05 level. The same as below"

Fig. 2

Effects of direct and burning straw return on grain yield stability of rice and rapeseed Fig (a) and (b) represent histograms of 10-year rice and rapeseed yield sustainability indices"

Table 2

Effects of direct and burning straw return on yield components of rice and rapeseed"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 水稻 Rice 油菜 Rapeseed
单株有效穗数
Panicles (No. /plant)		 每穗实粒数
Spikelets (No./panicle)		 千粒重
1000-seed weight (g)		 单株角果数
Pods (No./plant)		 每角粒数
Seeds (No./Pod)		 千粒重
1000-seed weight (g)
2022/2023 NPK 9.6b 150.9a 24.13a 297.1b 22.0a 4.10a
NPK+Sb 9.2b 145.2a 24.04a 355.1a 21.8a 3.89a
NPK+St 10.6a 141.4a 23.74a 367.7a 22.4a 3.92a
2023/2024 NPK 9.8b 161.6a 21.40a 283.8c 19.3a 4.47a
NPK+Sb 10.4ab 182.9a 22.60a 338.4b 16.3b 4.69a
NPK+St 12.4a 168.0a 22.80a 367.7a 19.4a 4.44a
ANONA
S 4.3* 1.0ns 1.5ns 4.3* 3.7ns 0.3ns
Y 1.6ns 18.8** 37.2*** 1.7ns 38.6*** 15.7**
S×Y 0.3ns 1.9ns 3.4ns 0.3ns 2.1ns 0.8ns

Fig. 3

Effects of direct and burning straw return on aboveground nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake of crops in rotational systems The upper and lower limits of each box represented 25th and 75th percentiles, the upper and lower whisker caps indicated 10th and 90th percentiles, and the horizontal solid and dashed lines inside the box indicated the median and mean, respectively. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake are respectively expressed as N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively"

Table 3

Apparent balance of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients in 10-year rice- rapeseed rotation system (kg·hm-2)"

养分类型
Nutrient type		 处理
Treatment		 水稻 Rice 油菜 Rapeseed 周年轮作
表观平衡
Annual rotation apparent balance
养分输入
Nutrient input		 养分输出
Nutrient output		 表观平衡
Apparent balance		 养分输入
Nutrient input		 养分输出
Nutrient output		 表观平衡
Apparent balance
肥料
CF		 秸秆/草木灰
Straw/Straw ash		 秸秆
Straw		 籽粒
Seed		 肥料
CF		 秸秆/草木灰
Straw/Straw ash		 秸秆
Straw		 籽粒
Seed
N NPK 1650 0 413 845 392 1800 0 363 816 621 1013
NPK+Sb 1650 13 408 839 416 1800 35 376 864 595 1011
NPK+St 1650 412 487 881 694 1800 487 411 909 967 1661
P2O5 NPK 600 0 357 474 -231 600 0 147 311 142 -89
NPK+Sb 600 152 344 538 -130 600 220 156 344 320 190
NPK+St 600 192 334 524 -66 600 334 183 355 396 330
K2O NPK 750 0 2150 378 -1778 750 0 1671 267 -1188 -2966
NPK+Sb 750 2002 2539 369 -156 750 2277 2343 315 369 213
NPK+St 750 2842 2966 407 219 750 2966 2838 303 575 794
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