稻油轮作系统氮磷钾肥平衡施用提高作物产量和养分利用效率

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.16.004

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】Rice-rapeseed rotation is an important paddy-upland crop rotation in China, and the application of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer plays an important role in guaranteeing high and stable crop yields. This study systematically assessed the effects of different types of nutrient inputs on the yield and nutrient utilization of the annual crop of a continuous term rotation, so as to provide a reference to the management of nutrients in rice-rapeseed rotation.【Method】A rice-rapeseed rotation field trial was carried out for 8 continuous years from 2016 to 2024, with 4 treatments of equal application of N, P and K (NPK), and no N (-N), no P (-P), and no K (-K), to analyze the yield of annual crops, yield components, nutrient utilization, and apparent balance.【Result】Imbalanced fertilization significantly reduced crop yields, compared with the NPK treatment, the -N, -P and -K treatments reduced yields by 26.7%, 36.7% and 2.8% in rice and 57.4%, 86.4% and 12.3% in rapeseed, respectively, and the reduction in the number of effective number of panicles in rice and the number of pods in rapeseed were the main reasons for the crop yields reduction. With the increase of rotation year, the cumulative crop yield under -N, -P and -K treatments gradually increased the degree of yield reduction; compared with NPK treatment, the yield stability and sustainability of rice and rapeseed were significantly reduced under -P treatment. In terms of annual nutrient allocation in crop rotation, the N, P₂O₅ and K₂O accumulation in rice was higher than that in rapeseed, and the trends of nutrient accumulation in rice, rapeseed and crop annual rotation under imbalanced fertilizer application conditions were consistent with yields. Fertilizer use efficiency analysis showed that the fertilizer contribution rates of N, P and K fertilizers were lower in rice than in rapeseed, while the agronomic efficiency of N and P fertilizers, and the recovery efficiency of P and K fertilizers were higher than those of rapeseed. From the nutrient apparent balance of the annual rotation, the nutrient surpluses of the soil in the rice season were all lower than those of the soil in the rapeseed season, and the annual rotation of the NPK treatment had surpluses of 135.1 kg N·hm^-2, 49.6 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, and deficits of 225.1 kg K₂O·hm^-2, deficiency of a single nutrient exacerbated the surplus of other nutrients.【Conclusion】In the rice-rapeseed rotation system, the deficiency of any single essential nutrient notably diminished crop yield as well as the utilization of nutrients, and the rate of yield reduction was related to the basic soil fertility level. Under the conditions of this study, the -P treatment had the largest yield reduction, followed by the -N treatment, while the -K treatment showed the smallest reduction. The magnitude of yield reduction in rapeseed was significantly higher than that in rice. Therefore, it was necessary to pay attention to the input of N and P fertilizers to achieve high and stable crop yields, and appropriate supplementation of K fertilizer to alleviate the depletion of soil K reservoirs, in order to realize high yield, high efficiency and sustainable development of the long-term rice-rapeseed rotation system.

Key words: rice-rapeseed rotation, balanced application fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, yield, nutrient utilization

MENG ZiZhen, REN Tao, LIU Chen, WANG KunKun, LIAO ShiPeng, LI XiaoKun, CONG RiHuan, LU ZhiFeng, FANG YaTing, LU JianWei. Balanced Application of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer in Rice-Rapeseed Rotation System Improves Crop Yield and Nutrient Utilization[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(16): 3190-3200.

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References 38

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处理 Treatment	水稻 Rice		油菜 Rapeseed		能值产量 Energy yield
处理 Treatment	产量稳定性指数 YSI (%)	产量可持续性指数 SYI	产量稳定性指数 YSI (%)	产量可持续性指数 SYI	稳定性指数 YSI (%)	可持续性指数 SYI
-N	26.3b	0.519a	21.2b	0.593a	20.4b	0.597a
-P	47.0a	0.313b	64.6a	0.190b	47.2a	0.309b
-K	22.1b	0.622a	23.1b	0.622a	15.7b	0.718a
NPK	21.8b	0.615a	24.5b	0.563a	14.9b	0.692a

产量构成 Yield component	处理 Treatment	水稻Rice			油菜Rapeseed
产量构成 Yield component	处理 Treatment	2022	2023	平均 AVE	2022/2023	2023/2024	平均 AVE
单株有效穗数（单株角果数） Panicles (pods) per plant	-N	7.8a	7.8a	7.8b	186.6c	98.1c	142.3c
	-P	6.5b	6.0b	6.3c	23.2d	18.4d	20.8d
	-K	8.0a	7.9a	7.9ab	264.9b	178.9b	221.9b
	NPK	8.2a	9.3a	8.7a	329.2a	223.2a	276.2 a
每穗实粒数（每角粒数） Seeds per panicle (pod)	-N	112.5c	155.2a	133.9b	21.3ab	20.6b	21.0b
	-P	52.4d	130.4b	91.4c	22.3b	15.3c	18.8b
	-K	125.3b	164.3a	144.8ab	24.0a	23.2ab	23.6a
	NPK	136.7a	167.4a	152.0a	24.3a	23.9a	24.1a
千粒重 1000-seed weight (g)	-N	27.02a	30.97a	29.00ab	3.20b	3.14b	3.17b
	-P	27.62a	28.64b	28.13b	3.15b	2.96c	3.06b
	-K	27.96a	31.45a	29.70a	3.26b	3.67a	3.46a
	NPK	28.39a	30.73a	29.56a	3.56a	3.38a	3.47a

肥料种类 Fertilizer type	水稻Rice			油菜Rapeseed
肥料种类 Fertilizer type	肥料贡献率 FCR (%)	农学利用率 AE (kg·kg^-1)	回收利用率 RE (%)	肥料贡献率 FCR (%)	农学利用率 AE (kg·kg^-1)	回收利用率 RE (%)
氮肥 N fertilizer	25.5a	10.7b	26.1a	55.5b	6.3b	27.9a
磷肥 P fertilizer	38.2a	40.6a	47.9a	86.2a	28.5a	34.9a
钾肥 K fertilizer	2.5b	2.5b	49.2a	11.1c	3.2b	37.4a

Balanced Application of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer in Rice-Rapeseed Rotation System Improves Crop Yield and Nutrient Utilization

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