西番莲花芽分化过程观察及花生长模型的拟合

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.04.011

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study aimed to elucidate the flower bud differentiation process in the primary passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) varieties within Southern China’s ecological region. Additionally, it sought to establish a flower growth model depicting the morphological differentiation of passion fruit flower buds, so as to serve as a reference for promoting and retenting passion fruit flowers.【Method】Tainong No. 1 (TN) as the predominant cultivar of the purple fruit variety, and Zhuangmi 05 (also known as Zhuangxiangmibao, MB) as the main cultivar of the yellow fruit variety in Guangxi, China, were utilized as experimental materials. The scanning electron microscopy and paraffin section dissection were employed to observe flower bud differentiation process in these varieties. The differentiation process of nodes below the shoot apical meristem, and measured the first bract length of flower buds, leaf length, and tendril length at each node were observed too. The 7th node below the shoot apical meristem was marked as the initial marker node, and this marked the onset of the first bract differentiation phase of the flower bud. The flower bud differentiation from 0 to 16 days after marking were investigated, as well as the dynamic changes in five flower morphological indicators, such as the length of the first bract and bud from marking to flowering were tracked, for facilitating the construction of a flower growth model.【Result】The primary process of flower bud differentiation in the tested passion fruit varieties encompassed first bract formation stage, additional bract formation stage, sepal formation stage, petal formation stage, stamen formation stage, pistil formation stage, corona formation stage, etc. The duration from first bract formation to pistil formation spanned 10-12 days, with TN exhibiting 1-2 day advancement over MB. Pistil formation emerged as a vital marker for successful passion fruit flower bud development, characterized by a 3-4 mm first bract length. The duration from first bract formation to flowering ranged between 36-44 days, with TN progressing 3-4 days earlier than MB. Tendril differentiation was visible at the 4th-5th nodes below the shoot apical meristem, flower primordium differentiation at the 6th node, appearing alongside the tendril, first bract differentiation at the 7th node, vegetative meristem appearing at the 9th node, which were positioned separately on the inner side of the tendril and flower bud, axillary vegetative shoot formation at the 10th-11th nodes, and pistil primordium differentiation at the 14th-15th nodes. The non-linear regression fitting of a Logistic model in Origin software was performed for the first bract length, width, pedicle length, flower bud length, length of flower bud and pedicle along with days after making for both MB and TN, and the results showed the determination coefficient R² ranged from 0.9524 to 0.9988, and the normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) was between 8.54% to 19.62%, indicating a good fit of the model equation. Based on the model parameters and actual observations, the length of bract entered a rapid growth period 11-12 days after marking (i.e. after the first bract formation stage) and stabilized 24-26 days after marking. Subsequently, the pedicels and sepals grew rapidly, with the sepals surpassing the bracts length, and the total length of the flower bud and pedicel entered a rapid growth phase 24-25 days after marking, blooming after reaching maximum growth at 41-42 days after marking.【Conclusion】The flower buds of passion fruit were closely associated with tendrils, and independent of nutritional buds. The flower bud differentiation and morphological differentiation of passion fruit could be divided into three stages: the first bract formation period to the pistil formation period, lasting 10-12 days; the bract growth period, lasting 12-14 days; and the flower buds and pedicels growth period, lasting 15-17 days. In actual production of passion fruit, the flowering time could be predicted using the flower growth model, and the flower bud differentiation process could be assessed using morphological indicators, such as bract length, which provided a reference basis for promoting flowering and promoting flowers.

Key words: passion fruit, flower bud differentiation, flower growth model, morphological differentiation

TIAN QingLan, ZHOU JunNiu, WU YanYan, LIU JieYun, HUANG WeiHua, ZHANG YingJun, XIE WenLian, WEI GuangTan, MOU HaiFei. Observation of Flower Bud Differentiation Process and Fitting of Flower Growth Model of Passion Fruit[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(4): 765-778.

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Figures/Tables 10

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Table 1

Description of differentiation process of different nodes under the stem tip of passion fruit"

节位顺序 Order of nodes	分化进程 Differentiation process	品种 Variety	参考指标描述 Reference indicator description
节位顺序 Order of nodes	分化进程 Differentiation process	品种 Variety	叶长 Leaf length (mm)	卷须长 Tendrils length (mm)	第一苞片长 First bract length (mm)
第1节位 The first node	茎尖顶端分生组织 Shoot apical meristem	MB、TN
第2节位 The second node	叶原基分化 Leaf primordial differentiation	MB、TN
第3节位 The third node	托叶分化 Stipule differentiation	MB、TN
第4-5节位 The 4th-5th node	卷须分化及发育 Tendrils differentiation and development	MB、TN
第6节位 The 6th node	花原基形成 Flower primordium formation	MB	0.71±0.14
第6节位 The 6th node	花原基形成 Flower primordium formation	TN	1.02±0.01
第7节位 The 7th node (初始标记节位) (Initial mark node)	第一苞片分化 The first bract differentiation	MB	1.22±0.20	0.20±0.04	0.20±0.05
第7节位 The 7th node (初始标记节位) (Initial mark node)	第一苞片分化 The first bract differentiation	TN	1.24±0.25	0.20±0.03	0.14±0.03
第8节位 The 8th node	额外苞片分化及发育 Additional bract differentiation and development	MB	1.58±0.17	0.39±0.08	0.37±0.03
第8节位 The 8th node	额外苞片分化及发育 Additional bract differentiation and development	TN	1.67±0.08	0.36±0.05	0.28±0.03
第9节位 The 9th node	出现腋生营养分生组织 Vegetative meristem appeared	MB	2.09±0.61	0.80±0.07	0.55±0.07
第9节位 The 9th node	出现腋生营养分生组织 Vegetative meristem appeared	TN	2.36±0.03	0.53±0.01	0.44±0.01
第10节位 The 10th node	萼片原基分化、腋芽发育Sepal primordium differentiation, axillary vegetative shoot development	MB	4.08±0.56	1.43±0.58	0.82±0.14
第10节位 The 10th node		TN	2.72±0.31	0.80±0.08	0.76±0.12
第11节位 The 11th node	萼片分化 Sepal differentiation	MB	6.82±1.35	2.97±0.95	1.41±0.49
第11节位 The 11th node	萼片分化、萼片形成 Sepal differentiation, sepal formation	TN	6.83±1.09	3.15±0.91	1.35±0.27
第12节位 The 12th node	萼片形成 Sepal formation	MB	10.91±2.09	6.13±2.18	1.84±0.30
第12节位 The 12th node	萼片形成、花瓣原基分化 Sepal formation, petal primordium differentiation	TN	9.85±1.05	5.19±1.02	1.82±0.10
第13节位 The 13th node	花瓣原基分化 petal primordium differentiation	MB	18.29±3.89	15.66±7.04	2.22±0.50
第13节位 The 13th node	雄蕊原基分化 Stamen primordium differentiation	TN	14.98±3.21	9.94±2.44	2.53±0.57
第14节位 The 14th node	雄蕊原基分化 Stamen primordium differentiation	MB	29.69±3.62	35.94±12.83	2.63±0.55
第14节位 The 14th node	雌蕊原基分化 Pistil primordium differentiation	TN	20.73±3.55	18.31±2.81	3.23±0.37
第15节位 The 15th node	雌蕊原基分化 Pistil primordium differentiation	MB	43.91±3.23	78.78±19.37	3.64±0.33

Table 1

Fig. 5

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Fig. 7

Table 2

Table 3

References 31

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指标 Index	品种 Variety	生长上限a Upper limit of growth	基础状态参数b Basic state parameter	增长速率系数k Growth rate coefficient	R²	F值 F value	P值 P value	nRMSE (%)
第一苞片长度 Length of first bract	MB	16.18±0. 92	37.49±4.80	0.209±0.014	0.9876	468.69	<0.0001	12.94
第一苞片长度 Length of first bract	TN	16.93±0.83	33.63±3.05	0.183±0.009	0.9875	444.53	<0.0001	8.54
第一苞片宽度 Width of first bract	MB	10.31±0.15	105.19±9.34	0.300±0.019	0.9972	2012.42	<0.0001	12.48
第一苞片宽度 Width of first bract	TN	12.94±0.36	60.16±4.25	0.214±0.006	0.9988	29124.47	<0.0001	10.05
花梗长 Length of pedicel	MB	41.51±14.11	111.90±27.96	0.120±0.016	0.9486	108.61	<0.0001	19.36
花梗长 Length of pedicel	TN	57.85±13.70	281.26±63.89	0.161±0.011	0.9745	172.17	<0.0001	17.27
花蕾长 Length of flower bud	MB	89.84±28.70	170.10±52.54	0.130±0.007	0.9524	122.83	<0.0001	16.38
花蕾长 Length of flower bud	TN	79.93±19.92	138.28±32.98	0.133±0.007	0.9722	191.94	<0.0001	13.32
花蕾和花梗总长 Length of flower bud and pedicel	MB	87.51±17.30	168.82±35.79	0.157±0.010	0.9557	130.16	<0.0001	19.62
花蕾和花梗总长 Length of flower bud and pedicel	TN	114.36±22.23	205.95±40.43	0.160±0.006	0.9689	169.11	<0.0001	8.24

指标 Index	品种 Variety	V₁ (mm∙d^-1)	t₁ (d)	t₂ (d)	t₃ (d)	V₂ (mm∙d^-1)
第一苞片长度 Length of first bract	MB	0.845	17.34	11.04	23.64	0.0096
第一苞片长度 Length of first bract	TN	0.776	19.18	11.99	26.36	0.0074
第一苞片宽度 Width of first bract	MB	0.772	15.53	11.14	19.93	0.0197
第一苞片宽度 Width of first bract	TN	0.693	19.12	12.97	25.26	0.0101
花梗长 Length of pedicel	MB	1.241	39.45	28.44	50.46	0.0031
花梗长 Length of pedicel	TN	2.324	35.09	26.90	43.28	0.0057
花蕾长 Length of flower bud	MB	2.926	39.43	29.32	49.55	0.0037
花蕾长 Length of flower bud	TN	2.656	37.09	27.18	47.00	0.0039
花蕾和花梗总长 Length of flower bud and pedicel	MB	3.431	32.70	24.30	41.10	0.0054
花蕾和花梗总长 Length of flower bud and pedicel	TN	4.566	33.36	25.11	41.60	0.0056

Observation of Flower Bud Differentiation Process and Fitting of Flower Growth Model of Passion Fruit

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