长期不同施肥措施冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系周年氨挥发损失的差异

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.23.003

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 Based on a long-term positioning test platform, the differences of annual ammonia volatilization loss of soil nitrogen in wheat-maize rotation system under different fertilization treatments were compared, aimed to provide a theoretical basis for reducing nitrogen volatilization loss and improving fertilizer use efficiency.【Method】 From 2019 to 2021, the winter wheat variety Shimai 15 and summer maize variety Zhengdan 958 were used as experimental materials in this study. With no nitrogen fertilizer applied as the control (CK), the two kinds of nitrogen fertilizer types (organic manure: M; urea: U) and two N application rates (380 kg N·hm^-2: M1, U1, U2M2, and 190 kg N·hm^-2: U2, M2) were set, and the distribution of N fertilizer between two crops was 47.4% for wheat and 52.6% for maize. The venting method was used to compare the differences in annual ammonia volatilization rate, cumulative loss, grain yield, and nitrogen use efficiency in a wheat-maize rotation system under different fertilization treatments.【Result】 Different fertilization treatments significantly affected soil ammonia volatilization in the two growing seasons. The soil ammonia volatilization mainly occurred 0-7 days after fertilization during the annual year in the wheat and maize crops, and the difference between the treatments gradually became smaller. The annual ammonia volatilization loss ranged from 8.6 to 79.4 kg N·hm^-2. The highest ammonia volatilization loss was 79.4 kg N·hm^-2 under U1 treatment, which was 18.5%, 111.7%, 162.3%, 20.5%, and 825.7% higher than that under U2, U2M2, M1, M2, and CK, respectively. The high nitrogen application rate increased soil ammonia volatilization loss, and the loss of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers was greater than that of organic fertilizers. The annual nitrogen fertilizer ammonia volatilization loss rate under U2M2, M1, and M2 treatment was 80.9%, 40.8%, and 61.3% lower than that under U1, respectively. It was indicated that the organic and inorganic fertilizers combined application or single organic fertilizers application could significantly reduce ammonia volatilization losses. The annual grain yield under U2M2 treatment was the highest, which was 24 621.8 kg·hm^-2, and was 10.1%, 24.7%, 11.7%, and 32.7% higher than that under U1, U2, M1, and M2, respectively. The annual nitrogen utilization efficiency under U2M2 treatment was 52.6%, which was 11.3%, 4.1%, 13.4%, and 10.7% higher than that under U1, U2, M1, and M2, respectively. U2M2 treatment reduced the ammonia volatilization loss and simultaneously increased the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency, which was an ideal fertilization strategy for the annual rotation of winter wheat and maize.【Conclusion】 The application of organic fertilizer could significantly reduce the annual ammonia volatilization loss of the wheat-maize rotation system, and increase the annual grain yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency. Considering the source of organic fertilizer and the convenience of application, the organic and inorganic fertilizers combined application could be used as the main fertilization method to reduce the loss of ammonia volatilization and to improve the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in wheat-maize rotation production system.

Key words: organic fertilizer, inorganic nitrogen fertilizer, winter wheat-summer maize rotation system, annual, ammonia volatilization

YI YingJie, HAN Kun, ZHAO Bin, LIU GuoLi, LIN DianXu, CHEN GuoQiang, REN Hao, ZHANG JiWang, REN BaiZhao, LIU Peng. The Comparison of Ammonia Volatilization Loss in Winter Wheat- Summer Maize Rotation System with Long-Term Different Fertilization Measures[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(23): 4600-4613.

Figures/Tables 9

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Table 4

The loss rate, ammonia volatilization accumulation in soil and its percentage in nitrogen application under ifferent fertilization treatments"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	小麦Wheat									玉米Maize									周年Annual
		累积量 Cumulative quantity (kg·hm^-2)			损失率 Loss (%)			占施入氮比例 Proportion of total N (%)			累积量 Cumulative quantity (kg·hm^-2)			损失率 Loss (%)			占施入氮比例 Proportion of total N (%)			总累积量 Cumulative quantity (kg·hm^-2)	总损失率 Loss (%)	总施入氮比例 Proportion of total N (%)
		基肥 Base fertilizer	追肥 Top- dressing	总 Total	基肥 Base fertilizer	追肥 Top- dressing	总 Total	基肥 Base fertilizer	追肥 Top- dressing	总 Total	基肥 Base fertilizer	追肥 Top- dressing	总 Total	基肥 Base fertilizer	追肥 Top- dressing	总 Total	基肥 Base fertilizer	追肥 Top- dressing	总 Total	总累积量 Cumulative quantity (kg·hm^-2)	总损失率 Loss (%)	总施入氮比例 Proportion of total N (%)
2019- 2020	U1	16.90a	11.88a	28.78a	16.75b	12.14c	14.44b	9.39c	6.60b	7.57b	21.16a	23.60a	44.75a	18.16b	23.52c	20.84b	10.58c	11.80b	11.78b	73.54a	17.81b	19.35b
	U2	14.24d	10.34b	24.58b	27.58a	20.86a	24.22a	15.82a	11.49a	12.94a	17.13d	20.34b	37.47b	28.27a	40.52a	34.40a	17.13a	20.34a	19.72a	62.05b	29.58a	32.66a
	M1	15.64b	1.57d	17.21c	7.67e		8.02e	8.69d	0.87d	4.53e	18.99c	1.22d	20.21d	7.99e		8.57e	9.49d	0.61e	5.32e	37.42d	8.31e	9.85e
	M2	12.71e	1.05e	13.75d	12.08c		12.19d	14.12b	1.16d	7.24c	15.05e	1.16e	16.20e	12.05c		13.12d	15.05b	1.16d	8.53d	29.95e	12.68d	15.76d
	U2M2	14.71c	9.48c	24.19b	9.54d	18.96b	11.89c	8.17d	5.27c	6.37d	19.31b	16.67c	35.98c	10.87d	33.18b	16.45c	9.65d	8.34c	9.47c	60.17c	14.29c	15.83c
	CK	1.83f	0.95f	2.78e							3.00f	0.08f	3.08f							5.86f
2020- 2021	U1	14.82a	17.88a	32.69a	10.99b	17.10c	14.05b	8.23c	9.93b	8.60b	24.01a	28.57a	52.58a	20.51b	28.18c	24.34b	12.00c	14.29b	13.84b	85.27a	19.47b	22.44b
	U2	11.90d	16.52b	28.42b	15.52a	31.19a	23.35a	13.23a	18.6a	14.96a	19.71d	23.82b	43.53b	32.44a	46.84a	39.64a	19.71a	23.82a	22.91a	71.95b	31.92a	37.87a
	M1	13.76b	1.26e	15.02d	4.91e		4.23e	7.64d	0.70e	3.95e	21.49c	1.07d	22.56c	9.00e		9.34e	10.75d	0.54e	5.94e	37.58d	6.92e	9.89e
	M2	10.61e	1.14f	11.75e	6.33c		4.83d	11.79b	1.26d	6.19d	17.81e	1.02e	18.84d	14.32c		14.94d	17.81b	1.02d	9.91d	30.59e	10.15d	16.10d
	U2M2	12.46c	15.15c	27.61c	5.58d	28.13b	11.22c	6.92e	8.41c	7.26c	21.44b	22.54c	43.97b	11.97d	44.25b	20.04c	10.72d	11.26c	11.57c	71.57c	15.86c	18.84c
	CK	4.92f	2.49d	7.41f							3.49f	0.40f	3.89e							11.30f
方差分析 ANOVA
年份Year (Y)		***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	**	**
处理 Treatment (T)		***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
年份×处理 Y×T		***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Effects of different fertilization measures on wheat and maize nitrogen use"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	籽粒吸氮量 Grain N uptake (kg·hm^-2)			地上部总吸氮量 Aboveground N uptake (kg·hm^-2)			氮素收获指数 NHI (kg·kg^-1)			氮肥利用率 NUE (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	小麦 Wheat	玉米 Maize	周年 Annual	小麦 Wheat	玉米 Maize	周年 Annual	小麦 Wheat	玉米 Maize	周年 Annual	小麦 Wheat	玉米 Maize	周年 Annual
2019-2020	U1	150.17b	153.93c	304.09b	178.42b	288.17b	466.60b	84.16d	53.41f	67.99e	36.58d	45.69c	41.37c
	U2	102.42d	121.52d	223.94c	129.22d	205.39d	334.61d	79.26f	59.16b	68.69d	47.27b	47.81b	47.55b
	M1	147.86c	156.88b	304.74b	170.61c	279.45c	450.06c	86.67b	56.14c	70.61b	34.52e	43.40d	39.19e
	M2	100.20e	103.19e	203.39d	118.34e	188.53e	306.87e	84.67c	54.74d	68.92c	41.54c	38.94e	40.17d
	U2M2	180.97a	179.96a	360.93a	223.06a	329.83a	552.89a	81.13e	54.56e	67.16f	48.33a	56.65a	52.71a
	CK	34.67f	69.98f	104.66e	39.41f	114.55f	153.96f	87.97a	61.10a	73.84a
2020-2021	U1	153.16b	159.46c	312.61b	174.21b	295.47b	469.69b	87.91b	53.97f	70.06d	34.75c	46.93c	41.16c
	U2	115.32d	129.40d	244.72d	132.32d	214.58d	346.90d	87.15d	60.30b	73.03b	47.45a	51.29b	49.47b
	M1	148.42c	160.41b	308.83c	169.64c	285.47c	455.11c	87.49c	56.19e	71.03e	33.55c	44.30d	39.20e
	M2	107.74e	116.13e	223.87e	126.26e	199.37e	325.63e	85.33e	58.25c	71.09c	44.26b	43.28e	43.74d
	U2M2	185.37a	187.36a	372.73a	225.37a	331.45a	556.82a	82.25f	56.53d	68.72f	48.21a	56.40a	52.52a
	CK	39.27f	72.66f	111.94f	42.16f	117.14f	159.30f	93.14a	62.03a	76.78a
平均 Average	U1	151.66b	156.69c	308.35b	176.32b	291.82b	468.14b	86.04c	53.69e	69.02e	35.67d	46.31c	41.27c
	U2	108.87d	125.46d	234.33d	130.77d	209.98d	340.75d	83.21e	59.73b	70.86b	47.36b	49.55b	48.51b
	M1	148.14c	158.65b	306.79c	170.12c	282.46c	452.59c	87.08b	56.17d	70.82c	34.04e	43.85d	39.20d
	M2	103.97e	109.66e	213.63e	122.30e	193.95e	316.25e	85.00d	56.49c	70.00d	42.90c	41.11e	41.96c
	U2M2	183.17a	183.66a	366.83a	224.21a	330.64a	554.85a	81.69f	55.55f	67.94f	48.27a	56.53a	52.61a
	CK	36.97f	71.32f	108.30f	40.79f	115.84f	156.63f	90.56a	61.57a	75.31a

Table 7

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处理 Treatment	pH	有机碳 Organic carb (g·kg^-1)	总氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkaline-hydrolytic N (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
U1	6.69	11.76b	0.70b	74.08c	50.20c	58.52ab
U2	6.72	11.45b	0.73b	36.54de	43.80c	58.86ab
M1	7.08	17.24a	0.97a	87.97b	87.81b	73.27ab
M2	6.82	12.55b	0.79ab	44.85d	61.88c	52.96b
U2M2	6.98	16.73a	1.00a	110.21a	160.07a	80.77a
CK	7.13	7.90c	0.62b	28.30e	47.70c	50.52ab

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	小麦 Wheat						玉米 Maize
		单株累积量 Dry matter amount (g)			分配比例 Distribution (%)			累积量 Dry matter amount (kg·hm^-2)					分配比例 Distribution (%)
		籽粒 Grain	茎 Stem	叶片 Leaf	籽粒 Grain	茎 Stem	叶片 Leaf	籽粒 Grain	茎 Stem	叶片 Leaf	穗轴 Cob	合计 Total	籽粒 Grain	茎 Stem	叶片 Leaf	穗轴 Cob
2019- 2020	U1	2.13b	1.66b	0.25b	52.89d	41.03a	6.08bc	11653.20c	6604.20b	4429.58c	1811.25bc	24498.23c	47.57ab	26.96b	18.08b	7.39ab
	U2	1.89d	1.14d	0.18d	58.82a	35.56e	5.63cd	10643.63d	5431.73d	4255.43c	1764.45c	22095.23d	48.17b	24.58c	19.26a	7.99a
	M1	1.99c	1.48c	0.22c	54.07c	40.01b	5.92c	12162.15b	6262.88c	4889.70b	1915.88ab	25230.60b	48.21a	24.82c	19.38a	7.59ab
	M2	1.80e	1.07e	0.16e	59.35a	35.43e	5.22d	10788.53d	6631.20b	3822.75d	1510.88d	22753.35d	47.41ab	29.14a	16.80c	6.64c
	U2M2	2.53a	1.73a	0.30a	55.54b	37.93c	6.53b	12629.70a	7116.75a	5385.83a	2000.03a	27132.30a	46.55bc	26.23b	19.85a	7.37b
	CK	0.41f	0.30f	0.10f	50.64e	36.70d	12.66a	5885.55e	3875.63e	2301.53e	970.43e	13033.13e	45.16c	29.73a	17.66bc	7.44ab
2020- 2021	U1	2.11b	1.42b	0.28b	55.33b	37.36e	7.31d	11637.23c	7865.78b	4615.43a	1950.98b	26069.40b	44.64d	30.17c	17.70c	7.49b
	U2	1.72c	1.32d	0.26d	52.06d	40.19b	7.75c	10780.43e	6637.28e	4515.53a	2313.45a	24246.68e	44.46d	27.37e	18.62b	9.54a
	M1	2.09b	1.52c	0.38c	52.42c	38.15d	9.43a	12578.18b	7241.85d	4266.23b	1954.13b	26040.38c	48.30a	27.81d	16.38d	7.50b
	M2	1.50d	0.72e	0.16e	62.84a	30.29f	6.87e	11314.13d	7899.53c	3963.83c	1634.85d	24812.33d	45.60c	31.84a	15.98d	6.59c
	U2M2	2.23a	1.66a	0.42a	51.75d	38.57c	9.68a	13460.40a	8879.63a	4289.85b	1852.88c	28482.75a	47.26b	31.17b	15.06e	6.51c
	CK	0.73e	0.60f	0.13f	49.98e	41.20a	8.82b	6582.83f	4178.48f	3171.38d	1478.93e	15411.60f	42.72e	27.11e	20.57a	9.60a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	小麦Wheat				玉米Maize				周年籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	单位面积穗数 Spike number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Kernel numbers	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	单位面积穗数 Actual ears (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grains per ear	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	周年籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)
2019-2020	U1	614.03b	37.57bc	36.19ab	8347.45b	7.04a	633.60b	277.18b	13070.29bc	21417.75c
	U2	566.03d	35.43d	35.48c	7116.58c	6.56d	584.25c	272.07c	11831.04d	18947.62d
	M1	611.03c	36.73c	35.83bc	8042.17b	6.77bc	636.40b	283.88a	13111.50b	21153.67b
	M2	544.03e	29.17e	34.27d	5437.10d	6.72c	581.27c	283.81a	12277.55c	17714.65e
	U2M2	633.03a	41.07a	36.50a	9489.54a	6.88b	679.77a	285.63a	14450.50a	23940.03a
	CK	507.03f	23.07f	32.93e	3849.23e	6.24e	439.31d	248.48d	8122.714d	11971.94f
2020-2021	U1	592.03b	38.93b	37.54a	8653.07b	7.04a	632.03a	296.72b	14655.13b	23308.20b
	U2	541.03d	35.70c	36.39b	7028.08d	6.56c	612.61a	288.97c	13504.65c	20532.73d
	M1	586.03c	37.33b	37.19a	8133.34c	6.88b	636.18a	300.19ab	14801.81b	22935.15c
	M2	536.03e	34.63c	35.52c	6591.31e	6.72bc	619.89a	277.55d	12803.52d	19394.83e
	U2M2	596.03a	44.07a	37.75a	9915.39a	6.72bc	634.77a	303.01a	15388.26a	25303.64a
	CK	443.02f	33.87d	33.27d	4994.23f	6.24d	418.57b	260.69e	8053.09e	13047.32f
平均 Average	U1	603.03b	38.25b	36.87b	8500.26b	7.04a	632.82c	282.78c	13666.25c	22362.97b
	U2	553.53d	35.57d	35.94d	7567.17d	6.56e	598.43e	274.68e	12413.19e	19740.18d
	M1	598.53c	37.03c	36.51c	8087.76c	6.83b	636.29b	292.04b	13956.65b	22044.41c
	M2	540.03e	31.90e	34.89e	6014.20e	6.72d	600.58d	280.68d	12540.53d	18554.74e
	U2M2	614.53a	42.57a	37.13a	9702.46a	6.80c	657.27a	294.32a	14919.38a	24621.84a
	CK	475.03f	28.47f	33.10f	4421.73f	6.24f	428.94f	254.59f	8087.90f	12509.63f

The Comparison of Ammonia Volatilization Loss in Winter Wheat- Summer Maize Rotation System with Long-Term Different Fertilization Measures

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年份 Year	含水量 Water content (%)	养分含量 Nutrient content (%)
年份 Year	含水量 Water content (%)	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
2019	71.58	1.80	0.97	1.33
2020	60.83	1.63	1.16	2.43
2021	50.83	2.14	0.58	1.82

作物 Crop	处理 Treatment	基肥 Base fertilizer				追肥Top dressing
		有机肥 Organic manure (kg N·hm^-2)	化肥 Chemical fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)			化肥 Chemical fertilizer (kg N·hm^-2)
		有机肥 Organic manure (kg N·hm^-2)	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	化肥 Chemical fertilizer (kg N·hm^-2)
小麦季 Wheat season	U1	0	90	150	150	90
	U2	0	45	150	150	45
	M1	180	0	150	150	0
	M2	90	0	150	150	0
	U2M2	90	45	150	150	45
	CK	0	0	150	150	0
玉米季 Maize season	U1	0	100	245.71	202.45	100
	U2	0	50	245.71	202.45	50
	M1	200	0	245.71	202.45	0
	M2	100	0	245.71	202.45	0
	U2M2	100	50	245.71	202.45	50
	CK	0	0	245.71	202.45	0

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