Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (16): 3123-3133.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.16.005

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Row Spacing and Plant Density on Grain Yield and Quality of Grain-Feeding Sorghum

WANG JinSong(),DONG ErWei,LIU QiuXia,WU AiLian,WANG Yuan,WANG LiGe,JIAO XiaoYan()   

  1. College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031
  • Received:2021-11-14 Accepted:2022-03-30 Online:2022-08-16 Published:2022-08-11
  • Contact: XiaoYan JIAO E-mail:jinsong_wang@126.com;xiaoyan_jiao@126.com

Abstract:

【Objective】This study was conducted to clarify effects of different row spacings and planting densities on the development, yield, grain quality and NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) accumulation of grain-feeding sorghum, and to identify the optimal cultivation mode in agro-pastoral ecozone of Shanxi, so as to provide the theoretical basis for the grain-feeding sorghum cultivation. 【Method】A new grain-feeding sorghum variety Liaoxialiang No. 1 was selected for this study. Field experiments were conducted during 2018 and 2019. Three row spacings were set, i.e. 30, 50, and 60 cm, respectively. And there were four planting densities (13.5×104, 16.5×104, 19.5×104 and 22.5×104 plants/hm2) at each row spacing. The plant height and biomass at heading stage, grain yield, NPK accumulation at harvest and grain quality in different row spacings and planting densities were analyzed. 【Result】There were significantly effects of row spacing, planting density and their interaction on the grain-feeding sorghum growth, nutrient accumulation, grain yield and quality. As plant density increased, the plant height, biomass and NPK accumulation at heading stage were increased. However, the biomass produced after heading, biomass and NPK accumulation at harvest, along with yield, increased first and then decreased with the increase of density under row spacing with 50 and 60 cm; Actually, the grain yield of feeding sorghum was positively correlated with biomass and N accumulation at harvest and the biomass produced after heading. The average grain yield, N and P accumulation and biomass after heading in row spacing of 50 cm were higher than those of 60 and 30 cm. Among the 12 treatments, the treatment with row spacing of 50 cm, planting density of 16.5×104 plants/hm2 had improved biomass and N accumulation at harvest, which were increased by 3.6%-12.8% and 3.6%-18.6%, respectively, relative to the average value of the total 12 treatments. The grain yield with row spacing of 50 cm and planting density of 16.5×104 plants/hm2 was the highest among all treatments, and they were 10 814 kg·hm-2 in 2018 and 12 434 kg·hm-2 in 2019, respectively. Starch and protein content of grain decreased with planting density increasing, but the influence of row spacing variation on them were less. Grain tannin content was significantly increased with planting density adding, while the row spacing increase also promoted tannin content. The influence of row spacing and planting density on tannin content was obvious, compared with those on starch and protein. Those treatments with row spacing of 50 cm and density of 16.5×104 plants/hm2 had similar tannin content with the average value of different treatments. 【Conclusion】Both N accumulation and biomass production after heading were important for high grain yield of feeding sorghum. The appropriate plant spacing under different row spacings could improve feeding sorghum grain yield, but affect grain quality, especially the tannin content. Row spacing of 50 cm and density of 16.5×104 plants/hm2 was recommended in agro-pastoral ecozone in Shanxi (with variety of Liaoxialiang No.1) in terms of grain yield and quality of feeding sorghum.

Key words: grain-feeding sorghum, row spacing, planting density, yield, quality, Nutrient accumulation

Fig. 1

Daily precipitation and temperature during sorghum growth stage"

Table 1

Effects of different row spacings and planting densities combinations on sorghum yield"

行距
Row space (cm)
密度
Planting density
(×104 plants/hm2)
产量Yield (kg·hm-2)
2018 2019
30 13.5 9096e 8873e
16.5 8971e 8573e
19.5 9896d 10295cd
22.5 10021cd 10208cd
50 13.5 10181cd 10335bcd
16.5 10814a 12434a
19.5 10628ab 10635bcd
22.5 10179cd 10301cd
60 13.5 9826d 10023d
16.5 10566ab 11056bc
19.5 10350bc 11308b
22.5 9967d 9891d
方差分析Anova analysis
行距Row spacing (R) **
密度Density (D) **
年份Year (Y) ns
R×D **
R×Y **
D×Y ns
R×D×Y **

Fig. 2

Effects of different combinations of row spacing and planting density on sorghum plant height at heading Different lowercase letters in the same year indicate significant differences among treatments at P<0.05;** means significant difference at the 0.01 a probability levels"

Table 2

Effects of different combinations of row spacing and planting density on sorghum biomass at heading, biomass after heading and biomass at harvest"

行距
Row space
(cm)
密度
Planting density
(×104 plants/hm2)
抽穗期生物量
Biomass at heading (kg·hm-2)
抽穗后生物量
Biomass after heading (kg·hm-2)
收获期生物量
Biomass at harvest (kg·hm-2)
2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019
30 13.5 9550b 8121e 7829f 7255d 17379d 15376d
16.5 10150b 8526de 7696f 7519cd 17846d 16045d
19.5 10107b 8530de 8819de 9001bc 18926c 17531cd
22.5 10055b 9518c 9493c 8736bcd 19548bc 18254bc
50 13.5 10386b 8526de 8522e 8675bcd 18908c 17201cd
16.5 11415a 8556d 8614e 11398a 20029b 19954a
19.5 10184b 8782d 11101a 9023bc 21285a 17805c
22.5 10055b 9931c 10208b 8391bcd 20263b 18322bc
60 13.5 10087b 8933d 8943de 8528bcd 19030c 17461cd
16.5 12076a 10320ab 7532f 8406bcd 19608bc 18726abc
19.5 10254b 9776c 9277cd 9802b 19531bc 19578ab
22.5 9894b 10765a 9673c 5342e 19567bc 16107d
方差分析Anova analysis
行距Row spacing (R) ** ** **
密度Density (D) ** ** **
年份Year (Y) ** ** **
R×D ** ** **
R×Y ** ns ns
D×Y ** ** *
R×D×Y ** ** **

Table 3

Anova analysis of the effects of row spacing, plant density and year on nutrient accumulation at heading and harvest stages"

参数
Parameter
抽穗期养分累积量
Nutrient accumulation at heading stage (kg·hm-2)
收获期养分累积量
Nutrient accumulation at harvest (kg·hm-2)
N P K N P K
行距Row spacing (R) ** ** ** ** ** *
密度Density (D) ** ** ** ** ns **
年份Year (Y) ** ** ** ns ** **
R×D ** ** ** ** ** ns
R×Y ** ** ** ** * *
D×Y ** ** ** ns ns **
R×D×Y ** ** ** ** ns ns

Fig. 3

Effects of different combinations of row spacing and planting density on NPK accumulation at heading and harvest a, c and e represent heading stage, and b, d and f represent harvest stage"

Table 4

Person correlation between sorghum seed yield and accumulation of biomass and nutrient at both heading and harvest"

参数
Parameter
抽穗期生物量Biomass at heading stage 收获期生物量
Biomass at harvest
抽穗后生物量 Biomass after heading 抽穗期养分累积量
Nutrient accumulation at heading stage
收获期养分累积量
Nutrient accumulation at harvest
抽穗后养分积累量
Nutrient accumulation after heading
N P K N P K N P K
相关系数
Correlation coefficient
0.309 0.751** 0.633** 0.189 0.425* 0.167 0.902** 0.358 0.056 0.296 0.117 -0.033

Table 5

Effects of different combinations of row spacing and planting density on sorghum seed content of starch, protein and tannin"

行距
Row space
(cm)
密度
Planting density (×104 plants/hm2
淀粉含量
Starch content (%)
蛋白质含量
Protein content (g·kg-1)
单宁含量
Tannin content (g·kg-1)
2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019
30 13.5 76.73ab 74.21b 80.63b 77.08d 0.234k 0.255g
16.5 75.89cd 74.11b 77.17e 76.46d 0.426h 0.490e
19.5 74.74ef 73.57cd 76.25fg 75.42e 0.572d 0.738bc
22.5 73.92g 72.94e 75.77g 76.46d 0.709b 0.693bc
50 13.5 76.42abc 74.07bc 77.50de 83.09a 0.353j 0.457e
16.5 75.64cd 73.25de 77.92d 83.13a 0.448g 0.654cd
19.5 75.96bcd 73.28de 78.44c 81.63b 0.550e 0.987a
22.5 75.23de 72.83e 76.04g 79.55c 0.754a 0.774b
60 13.5 77.06a 74.29b 81.75a 80.34c 0.123l 0.130f
16.5 76.87a 74.30b 77.92d 75.38e 0.378i 0.578d
19.5 75.23de 73.92bc 78.71c 73.72f 0.471f 0.670c
22.5 74.18fg 75.10a 76.63f 73.25f 0.679c 0.914a
方差分析Anova analysis
行距Row spacing (R) ** ** **
密度Density (D) ** ** **
年份Year (Y) ** ns **
R×D ** ** **
R×Y ** ** **
D×Y ** ** **
R×D×Y ** ** **
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