不同降雨年型旱地冬小麦水分利用及产量对施氮量的响应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.14.012

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】Rainfall and nitrogen application are the main factors affecting winter wheat production in Weibei dryland, especially the interannual variability of rainfall is large. Therefore, their yield-increasing effects are significantly affected by the type of rainfall year. In this study, the effects of nitrogen rates on water use, grain yield and protein content in dryland wheat field under different rainfall patterns were analyzed, which provided a theoretical basis for “nitrogen applying according to rain” and ensuring stable yield and high quality of winter wheat in Weibei Dryland.【Method】A 3-year field experiment (2017-2020) of winter wheat (Jinmai 47) was performed with different nitrogen fertilization at five levels (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg·hm^-2, represented as N₀, N₆₀, N₁₂₀, N₁₈₀, and N₂₄₀, respectively) in Heyang County, located in Weibei dryland of Shaanxi, and the effects of nitrogen application under different rainfall patterns on soil water dynamics, water use efficiency (WUE), wheat yield performance and grain protein content were evaluated. 【Result】Different rainfall patterns had significant impacts on soil water storage before sowing (SWS_S), soil water content during growth period, ET, WUE, yield and protein content of winter wheat. (1) There was a linear correlation between rainfall in fallow period (from July to September) and SWS_S, with an increment of 0.9 mm SWS_S per 1 mm rainfall. In the humid and normal years with adequate rainfall during fallow stage, the SWSs in present winter wheat growth season was not significantly influenced by the increase of nitrogen fertilization in previous growth season. However, in the dry year with less rainfall in fallow stage, the SWS_S in present winter wheat growth season decreased significantly by 15.4 mm when nitrogen fertilization in previous growth season was increased by each 100 kg·hm^-2. Compared with dry and normal year, the soil water content of 0-200 cm soil layer during growth period of winter wheat could be increased in humid rainfall year, thus evapotranspiration (ET) was increased by 35.7% and 6.6%, respectively. The soil water accumulation of 0-120 cm soil depth during the growth period fluctuated greatly under the influence of rainfall and the growth of winter wheat. However, the soil water content in 160-200 cm deep soil depth showed a stable change trend. Compared with dry and normal year, the WUE in humid pattern was increased by 55.7% and 26.5%, the grain yield was increased by 112.3% and 39.1%, and protein content (PC) was decreased by 8.3% and 5.2%, respectively. (2) Compared with N₀ treatment, soil water content in 0-200 cm soil depth was decreased by nitrogen applied during each growth period under humid, dry and normal years. The nitrogen fertilizer application increased ET by 4.6%-14.6%, 6.0%-8.6% and 2.2%-9.5%, increased WUE by 20.7%-39.8%, 4.7%-33.3%, 13.1%-35.4%, increased yield by 7.1%-28.1%, 1.5%-34.1%, 8.5%-28.9%, and increased PC by 5.6%-10.4%, 10.1%-17.7% and 8.5%-15.6%, respectively. (3) The effects of nitrogen rates on grain yield and protein yield followed a quadratic curve relationship, and the fitting equation showed that the optimal nitrogen application rates for stable yield and quality of winter wheat were 189-202, 116-124 and 161-174 kg·hm^-2 in humid, dry and normal years, respectively. 【Conclusion】On the whole, the best nitrogen application schemes were 189-202, 116-124 and 161-174 kg·hm^-2 in humid, dry and normal years, respectively. And the management model of “nitrogen applying according to rain” was adopted, which was “the amount of basic nitrogen fertilizer was determined by SWSs, while the top dressing of nitrogen fertilizer was determined by rainfall from sowing to jointing stage”. The model could not only meet the requirements of stable yield and high quality of winter wheat, but also ensure water high-efficient use.

Key words: dryland wheat, rainfall patterns, nitrogen fertilizer, water use, yield

LIU PengZhao,ZHOU Dong,GUO XingYu,YU Qi,ZHANG YuanHong,LI HaoYu,ZHANG Qi,WANG XuMin,WANG XiaoLi,WANG Rui,LI Jun. Response of Water Use and Yield of Dryland Winter Wheat to Nitrogen Application Under Different Rainfall Patterns[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(14): 3065-3076.

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References 34

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处理 N treatment	耗水量Evapotranspiration, ET (mm)			水分利用效率Water use efficiency (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)
处理 N treatment	丰水年 Humid year (2017—2018)	欠水年 Dry year (2018—2019)	平水年 Normal year (2019—2020)	丰水年 Humid year (2017—2018)	欠水年 Dry year (2018—2019)	平水年 Normal year (2019—2020)
N₀	285.9±6.2d	213.0±5.6c	277.3±7.5d	12.1±0.7d	8.5±0.7c	9.9±0.4c
N₆₀	299.0±5.9c	225.7±1.8b	285.3±5.5c	14.6±1.2c	10.9±0.8b	11.2±0.8b
N₁₂₀	311.8±6.3b	230.3±5.7a	283.5±3.4c	16.3±0.9b	11.2±1.2a	13.1±0.6a
N₁₈₀	310.1±5.4b	231.4±8.3a	290.3±9.2b	16.9±0.3a	9.5±1.4b	13.4±0.5a
N₂₄₀	327.6±9.6a	230.2±7.2a	303.5±4.4a	16.1±0.2b	8.2±0.5c	12.5±1.3b
F-value
施氮Nitrogen (N)		54.8**			59.2**
年型Year (Y)		1234***			387.8***
施氮×年型N×Y		4.6*			14.7**

降雨年型 Rainfall pattern	处理 N treatment	穗粒数 GNS	穗数 SN (×10⁴·hm^-2)	千粒重 TGW (g)	籽粒产量 GY (kg·hm^-2)	蛋白质含量 PC (%)	蛋白质产量 PY (kg·hm^-2)
丰水年 Humid year (2017—2018)	N₀	25.4±0.9c	477.3±21.7b	39.4±0.6c	4077±151c	12.5±0.3c	508±25d
	N₆₀	26.8±0.8c	503.0±25.5b	39.8±0.8c	4365±234c	13.2±0.3b	578±31c
	N₁₂₀	31.0±2.8b	512.7±38.8b	39.5±0.2c	5067±111a	13.4±0.2b	678±22b
	N₁₈₀	34.8±0.3a	537.4±16.7a	41.4±0.6a	5229±189a	13.8±0.3a	724±34a
	N₂₄₀	29.2±0.4b	544.9±14.7a	41.6± 0.2a	4959±235b	13.7±0.2a	679±24b
欠水年 Dry year (2018—2019)	N₀	18.9±0.9c	308.6±24.2b	28.6± 0.6b	1927±85c	13.0±0.4c	250±34c
	N₆₀	21.9±0.8c	344.2±31.2a	31.3± 1.8a	2459±72a	14.9±0.6a	366±21b
	N₁₂₀	25.5±2.8a	357.5±21.6a	30.5± 0.2a	2584±68a	15.3±0.2a	390±25a
	N₁₈₀	22.2±0.3b	342.9±12.3a	30.5± 0.6a	2237±57b	15.2±0.3a	342±26b
	N₂₄₀	22.3±0.4b	316.0±45.9b	29.6± 0.4b	1956±49c	14.3±0.2b	281±32c
平水年 Normal year (2019—2020)	N₀	27.1±1.0c	480.4±24.2a	43.0± 0.8b	2952±89c	12.8±0.3c	353±13d
	N₆₀	28.4±1.7b	493.7±41.2a	44.1± 0.3a	3203±103b	13.9±0.2b	445±28c
	N₁₂₀	29.1±1.2b	533.1±31.6b	45.7± 0.6a	3804±267a	14.3±0.2ab	545±19a
	N₁₈₀	29.3±2.0b	563.9±50.3b	45.6± 1.4a	3788±112a	14.4±0.3a	546±12a
	N₂₄₀	30.7±1.8a	570.9±45.9b	45.3± 0.9a	3494±146b	14.5±0.2a	518±15b
F-value
施氮Nitrogen (N)		27.6***	9.2**	5.8***	57.6***	69.4***	411.0***
年型Year (Y)		158.7***	747.8**	1210.3**	80.9***	1223.3***	3235.8***
施氮×年型 N×Y		8.1**	11.4**	3.6*	5.7**	10.7**	42.7***

因子 Factor	各生育阶段降雨量 Rainfall in different growth stages
因子 Factor	休闲期 FS	播种-越冬 SS-WS	越冬-拔节 WS-ES	拔节-开花 ES-AS	开花-成熟 AS-MS	籽粒产量 GY
籽粒产量 GY	0.935^**	0.036	0.933^**	0.606^*	-0.011	-
蛋白质含量 PC	-0.589^*	0.024	-0.589^*	-0.344	-0.039	-0.341
水分利用效率 WUE	0.727^*	-0.323	0.733^*	0.121	0.339	0.889^**

Response of Water Use and Yield of Dryland Winter Wheat to Nitrogen Application Under Different Rainfall Patterns

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