新疆小麦、玉米的产量和氮磷钾肥利用效率

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.14.007

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The objectives of the present paper were to understand current status of fertilizer utilization efficiency of wheat and maize in Xinjiang, to optimize their nutrient management, and to improve fertilizer utilization efficiency, so as to provide basic data and technique support for the food security of Xinjiang and as well as all the country. 【Method】72 field trials (40 for wheat and 32 for maize) were carried out in main grain growing areas of Xinjiang from 2018 to 2020. Four different treatments of fertilizer application were designed, including nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK), no nitrogen (PK), no phosphorus (NK), and no potassium (NP). Each experiment was conducted in triplicate. Then, the nutrient uptake of main grain crops, the response of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers, the agronomic efficiency, the utilization rate and other parameters were examined under the current conditions of fertilization for agricultural production in Xinjiang. 【Result】(1) The average application amounts of N, P and K fertilizers for wheat in Xinjiang were 233.1 kg N·hm^-2, 128.0 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 and 75.5 kg K₂O·hm^-2, respectively; the average application amounts of N, P and K fertilizers for maize were 254.9 kg N·hm^-2, 148.0 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 and 67.8 kg K₂O·hm^-2, respectively. (2) The wheat yield of per unit area was 7 505 kg·hm^-2 under NPK treatment, and the yield responses of N, P and K fertilizers were 2 206 kg·hm^-2 (500-3 795 kg·hm^-2), 2016 kg·hm^-2 (288-4 230 kg·hm^-2), and 1 362 kg·hm^-2 (105-2 910 kg·hm^-2), respectively. The average rates of yield increase for N, P and K fertilizers were 45.0%, 39.7% and 23.0%, respectively. The yield per unit area of maize under NPK treatment was 13 715 kg·hm^-2, and the yield responses of N, P and K fertilizers were 4 657 kg·hm^-2 (1 559-6 900 kg·hm^-2), 1 942 kg·hm^-2 (473-4 699 kg·hm^-2), and 1 297 kg·hm^-2 (113-5 440 kg·hm^-2), respectively. The average rates of yield increase for N, P and K fertilizers were 52.2%, 21.2%, and 15.5%, respectively. (3) The uptakes of N and K by wheat and maize were relatively large, whereas the uptake of phosphorus was relatively small. The application of chemical fertilizers could significantly promote the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by plants, and increase the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil. For NPK treatment, it required 2.7 kg (1.7-4.0 kg) of nitrogen (N), 0.8 kg (0.4-1.3 kg) of phosphorus (P₂O₅), and 2.1 kg (1.2-3.9 kg) of potassium (K₂O) to form 100 kg of grains for wheat; for maize using the NPK treatment, it required 2.1 kg (1.5-2.9 kg) of nitrogen (N), 0.8 kg (0.4-1.2 kg) phosphorus (P₂O₅), and 2.1 kg (0.7-3.4 kg) of potassium (K₂O) to form 100 kg of grains. (4) The agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer for maize was higher than that of wheat. There were no significant differences in the agronomic efficiencies of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. The agronomic efficiencies of N, P and K fertilizers for wheat were 9.6, 15.9 and 18.7 kg·kg^-1, respectively. Therefore, the agronomic efficiencies of P and K fertilizers were significantly higher than that of nitrogen fertilizer. The agronomic efficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers for maize were 18.7, 13.4 and 18.1 kg·kg^-1, respectively, N and K fertilizers were significantly higher than P fertilizer. (5) The utilization rates of N, P and K fertilizers for wheat were 41.4%, 21.8% and 45.2%, respectively. The utilization rates of N, P and K fertilizers for maize were 46.9%, 20.5% and 49.6%, respectively. The N and K utilization efficiency for wheat and maize were significantly higher than that of P. 【Conclusion】To date, the yield of wheat and maize in Xinjiang was high, the utilization efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was at a high level, and the utilization efficiency of nitrogen and potassium was significantly higher than that of phosphorus. In Xinjiang, wheat and maize yield was most sensitive to nitrogen deficiency. The phosphorus deficiency had lower influence on the wheat and maize yield, and the potassium deficiency had the lowest reduction. The amount of nitrogen application applied to wheat and maize in Xinjiang was reasonable. In contrast, the amount of potassium application was seriously insufficient. The excessive application of phosphate in wheat existed. In the future, it was necessary to increase the input of potassium fertilizer for wheat and maize and to reduce the input of phosphorus fertilizer for wheat.

Key words: Xinjiang, wheat, maize, chemical fertilizer, yield, fertilizer utilization efficiency

TANG MingYao,SHEN ChongYang,CHEN ShuHuang,TANG GuangMu,LI QingJun,YAN CuiXia,GENG QingLong,FU GuoHai. Yield of Wheat and Maize and Utilization Efficiency of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in Xinjiang[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(14): 2762-2774.

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土壤养分 Nutrient	平均值 Mean	标准差 SD
pH	8.2	0.4
有机质 OM (g·kg^-1)	18.8	14.2
全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	0.9	0.5
碱解氮 Alkali-hydro nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	69.3	38.4
有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	23.4	20.6
速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)	211.4	146.1

作物 Crop	产量/相对产量 Yield or relative yield	最小值 Min.	最大值 Max.	平均值 Mean	标准差 SD	25%数 25Q	50%数 50Q	75%数 75Q
小麦Wheat (n=40)	NPK处理产量 NPK yield	3987	9270	7504 a	1242	6728	7290	8385
	PK处理产量PK yield	2398	7080	5298 c	1182	4155	5428	6225
	NK处理产量 NK yield	2441	6945	5488 c	1090	4500	5820	6387
	NP处理产量 NP yield	2901	8081	6142 b	937	5820	6300	6465
	缺氮相对产量Relative yield to N application	50.3%	92.1%	70.4%	9.8%	62.0%	69.9%	73.5%
	缺磷相对产量Relative yield to P application	53.2%	95.1%	73.6%	12.3%	63.0%	71.7%	82.9%
	缺钾相对产量Relative yield to K application	68.6%	98.4%	82.7%	10.6%	70.9%	84.5%	92.7%
玉米 Maize (n=32)	NPK处理产量 NPK yield	8612	17430	13715 a	2017	12045	13530	15240
	PK处理产量 PK yield	5964	13035	9058 d	2061	7230	8865	10725
	NK处理产量 NK yield	7848	15270	11773 c	1817	10425	11340	13065
	NP产量 NP yield	8004	16275	12418 b	2197	10575	11910	14226
	缺氮相对产量Relative yield to N application	48.9%	86.9%	65.7%	9.0%	58.3%	63.8%	74.2%
	缺磷相对产量Relative yield to P application	69.2%	96.4%	86.0%	5.9%	82.5%	86.6%	88.4%
	缺钾相对产量Relative yield to K application	64.3%	99.2%	90.4%	7.1%	86.6%	91.8%	94.4%

作物 Crop	化肥种类 Chemical fertilizer	最小值 Min.	最大值 Max.	平均值 Mean	标准差 SD	25%数 25Q	50%数 50Q	75%数 75Q
小麦 Wheat (n=40)	氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer	1.9	18.3	9.6 b	3.6	8.2	9.1	10.4
	磷肥 Phosphorus fertilizer	2.3	33.9	15.9 a	8.2	10.1	15.8	18.9
	钾肥 Potassium fertilizer	3.1	60.3	18.7 a	13.6	9.3	16.9	21.9
玉米 Maize (n=32)	氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer	6.9	28.6	18.7 a	5.8	13.8	18.3	23.4
	磷肥 Phosphorus fertilizer	2.9	27.2	13.4 b	6.1	9.2	13.2	16.0
	钾肥 Potassium fertilizer	1.9	60.5	18.1 a	11.1	9.8	16.0	23.2

作物 Crop	化肥种类 Chemical fertilizer	最小值 Min.	最大值 Max.	平均值 Mean	标准差 SD	25%数 25Q	50%数 50Q	75%数 75Q
小麦 Wheat (n=40)	氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer	29.0	59.4	41.4 a	6.5	36.3	40.9	44.2
	磷肥 Phosphorus fertilizer	6.2	40.1	21.8 b	7.9	16.0	21.1	27.1
	钾肥 Potassium fertilizer	18.3	62.3	45.2 a	11.6	35.4	47.1	53.8
玉米 Maize (n=32)	氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer	37.5	60.3	46.9 a	5.8	41.0	46.3	49.8
	磷肥 Phosphorus fertilizer	12.2	31.5	20.5 b	3.7	17.7	19.7	23.0
	钾肥 Potassium fertilizer	32.9	66.4	49.6 a	8.0	42.4	50.7	54.2

Yield of Wheat and Maize and Utilization Efficiency of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in Xinjiang

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