分子植物育种助推南繁种业转型升级

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.18.001

Abstract

Abstract:

Generation advancement at non-target environments is a cost-effective and efficient approach to accelerating plant breeding. Hainan, as a southernmost province of China where crops can grow all year round, has been used as a core off-season breeding station, largely for seed increasing and an annually added crop generation advancement, while its favorable climate and environments are not fully exploited. Molecular biotechnologies such as marker-assisted selection, when integrated with other modern breeding technologies, will facilitate the transformation and upgrading of the Hainan off-season breeding. The transition will be made from a simple generation advancement to a full pipeline breeding including germplasm introduction and evaluation, selection, purity testing, germplasm exchange and variety right protection, and from one added winter breeding season to breeding all year round. Geographical and ecological advantages of Hainan as an off-season breeding station should be transitioned into a breeding pipeline by integration of generation advancement with functional breeding system to accelerate breeding procedures, improve breeding efficiency and promote advanced breeding industry. Considering the geographical and ecological advantages of Hainan and current status of off-season breeding, following issues are discussed in this article on transformation and upgrading of Hainan off-season breeding enterprise: necessity, possibility, challenges and opportunities. Such transition depends on the change of mind-set on non-target environment selection, favorable government policy regulation, breeding platform development, biosafety containment, well-established variety right protection, and resource-sharing and exchanging regulation. Breeding theories required for the transition include quantitative and population genetics, genotype by environment interaction, and molecular design and big- data management. Molecular design should be implemented at both macro-scale involving individuals, populations and species and micro-scale involving genes, metabolisms and networks. The breeding platform needs to be established for high-throughput precision phenotyping, envirotyping, information management and networking, and decision support system. As a key support technology for molecular breeding, genotyping by target sequencing and liquid chip (GBTS-LC) has been developed, by which GenoPlexs can be used to multiplex up to 5 000 target primers while GenoBaits can capture in solution up to 40K target loci each with multiple SNPs. Compared to other genotyping platforms, GBTS-LC has several advantages to make it a replacement of solid SNP chips, including wide platform suitability, high marker flexibility, high genotyping efficiency, easy information accumulation, less-demanding support system, wide application fields. For breeding in Hainan but testing across China, an integrative breeding system can be established with high-efficient breeding facilities supported by speeding breeding, gene transfer, genome editing, DH technology, and genomic selection. Other proposals are also suggested, including establishment of open-source breeding programs for resource-sharing, development of methodologies, technologies and platforms, implementation of germplasm introduction, monitoring and evaluation, construction of germplasm fingerprinting, and intensification of variety right protection, seed quality ensurance and see purity control. It is expected that this article will stimulate public awareness and relevant government policy development for the transformation and upgrading of breeding in Hainan, and thus enhance the scientific and technological progress and advancement of breeding and seed industry as a whole.

Key words: seed enterprises, winter nurseries, off-season selection, transformation and upgrading, molecular breeding

ZHANG Xingping,QIAN Qian,ZHANG JiaNan,DENG XingWang,WAN JianMin,XU Yunbi. Transforming and Upgrading Off-Season Breeding in Hainan Through Molecular Plant Breeding[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(18): 3789-3804.

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Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1

Table 1

Table 2

Breeding by molecular design at micro- and macro-scales (revised from [30])"

水平 Scale	设计 Design	工作内容 Design contents
微观水平Micro-scale	基因设计 Gene design	基因定点敲除、诱变与编辑、RNA干扰、转基因、分子标记辅助选择单基因：最佳等位基因多基因：最佳结合体（单倍型）和互作类型 Site-directed gene knockout, mutation, and gene editing; RNA interference, transgenes, marker-assisted selection Single genes: Best alleles Multiple genes: Best combinations (haplotypes) and interactions
	代谢设计 Metabolism design	代谢途径的替换、修饰和改良。实例：C4水稻,高光效小麦 Substitution, modification and improvement of metabolic pathways. For example, rice with C4 pathway and wheat with high-photosynthetic efficiency
	网络设计 Network design	网络调控因子、网络结构、网络节点和边界等的设计。实例：直播稻与旱稻 Design of network regulators, network structure, network nodes and borders, etc.. For example, direct-seeding and drought-resistant rice
宏观水平Macro-scale	个体设计 Individual design	形态、产物分配、耐逆性、个体间相互作用、性状间互作和协调 Morphology, assimilate distribution, stress tolerance, individual interaction, trait interaction and complementation
	群体设计 Population design	结构优化、生态稳定、光合效率、源库协调和补偿 Structure optimization, ecological stabilization, photosynthetic efficiency, source-sink coordination and compensation
	物种设计 Species design	结合不同物种的优良性状,适合不同环境和生态的新型农作物: 环境友好型、资源节约型、产物多样型、用途可塑型 Integration of favorable traits from different species and adaptation to different ecological environments: environment-friendly, resource-saving, product-diversified, and usage-flexible

Table 2

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

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领域 Fields	所需改变 Required changes
观念转变 Mind-set changes	异地也可以进行评价、选择和育种 Evaluation, selection and breeding can be largely performed at or replaced by, non-target environments
政策支持 Policy support	降低租地和劳动力成本;开辟资源引进和交流绿色通道;确定南繁育种保护区 Reducing land and lab costs; providing a special channel for germplasm introduction/exchange; defining the core winter nursery reserved for breeding use
平台建设 Platform development	育种平台：分子检测、表型鉴定、快速育种、转基因和基因编辑;育种实验站建设：交通、灌溉、机械化;后勤服务体系 Breeding platforms for molecular diagnosis, phenotyping, speeding breeding, transgene and gene editing; breeding stations with well-established transportation, irrigation and mechanization systems; logistic service
生物安全 Biosafety containment	生物安全防控法治化建设;检疫性生物分子检测 Regulations and legal construction for biosafety protection; molecular diagnosis and detection of quarantine organisms
品种权保护 Variety right protection	实施与国际接轨的植物品种保护制度 Implementing plant variety protection system that matches with international regulations
合作交流 Collaboration and exchange	种质资源和信息资源的共享和交流;为东南亚育种 Sharing and exchanging germplasm and information; breeding for Southeast Asian countries

Transforming and Upgrading Off-Season Breeding in Hainan Through Molecular Plant Breeding

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