CRISPR/Cas9基因组定向编辑技术的发展与在作物遗传育种中的应用

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.07.001

Abstract

Abstract: In this review, the steps of development of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system and its applications in various plant genomes were highlighted. The CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology originates from the prokaryotic adaptive immune systems that confer resistance to foreign genetic elements such as plasmids and phages. The natural CRISPR/Cas systems show extensive structural and functional diversity. Based on the Cas protein contents and amino acid sequences, the natural CRISPR/Cas systems have been classified into three major classes, Type I, TypeⅡ and Type III. The TypeⅡCRISPR/Cas system is the engineered one for targeted genome editing purpose in most of cases so far, as it needs optimization of the Cas expression and design of the sgRNA only. In 2013, the first applications of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology in plants were published. Since then, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been used in various plant species for targeted genome editing. Like ZFNs and TALENs, CRISPR/Cas9 system uses engineered nuclease to generate double-strand breaks (DSBs) on the targeted DNA site, and subsequently to stimulate cellular DNA repair mechanisms by exploiting either NHEJ pathway or HDR pathway to generate small insertions/deletions/genome modifications. CRISPR/Cas9 technology allows researchers to perform targeted mutagenesis on target genes of different crops, precisely and easily changing the sequences and functions of particular genes at exact chromosomal locations in different plant genomes. Compared with ZFNs and TALENs technologies, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system is based on RNA-guided engineered nucleases, and is easier to manipulate. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 is capable of introducing DSBs at multiple sites. The potential of multiplexing provides practical advantages over ZFNs and TALENs technologies, to edit multiple target genes in the same pathway simultaneously. Due to the practical advantages of CRISPR/Cas9 over the other genome editing technologies, it establishes a prosperous outlook in gene discovery and trait development in crop genetic improvement and breeding studies. In this review, the possible applications of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technique in various aspects of plant genetics and breeding were also discussed, except the targeted genome editing. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology is another stepping stone in utilizing genetic manipulation in genetic studies and breeding, after genetic modification. Unlike genetic modification, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technique generates phenotypic variation that is indistinguishable from that obtained through natural means or conventional mutagenesis. This ambiguity challenges the current GMO regulatory definitions, and provides a potential barrier for further use of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technique in crop genetics and breeding.

Key words: CRISPR/Cas9 system, genome targeted editing, plant genomes, gene function, crop genetics and breeding

JING Run-chun, LU Hong . The Development of CRISPR/Cas9 System and Its Application in Crop Genome Editing[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(7): 1219-1229.

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