不同轮耕模式下有机肥施用对豫北潮土氮素迁移转化的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.17.009

中国农业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (17): 3822-3841.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.17.009

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

不同轮耕模式下有机肥施用对豫北潮土氮素迁移转化的影响

李硕(), 刘超麟(), 刘世亮, 姜桂英(), 杨锦, 王贝贝, 赵颖, 朱宣霖, 刘芳, 介晓磊

河南农业大学资源与环境学院/农业农村部黄淮海平原耕地质量保育重点实验室/河南农业大学小麦玉米两熟高效生产全国重点实验室，郑州 450046

收稿日期:2025-10-29 接受日期:2025-12-22 出版日期:2026-09-03 发布日期:2026-09-03
通信作者:
姜桂英，E-mail：jiangguiying@henau.edu.cn
联系方式: 李硕，E-mail：13271053908@163.com。刘超麟，E-mail：50806626@qq.com。李硕和刘超麟为同等贡献作者。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划重点专项(2023YFD1900201); 国家重点研发计划重点专项(2023YFD1900203); 国家重点研发计划重点专项(2021YFD1700904); 河南省高等学校重点科研项目(26B210008); 河南省高等学校重点科研项目(25A210016); 河南省重点研发与推广专项（科技攻关）(252102111089)

Effects of Combination of Organic Fertilizer and Rotational Tillage Patterns on Nitrogen Migration and Transformation in Fluvo-Aquic Soil in Northern Henan Province

LI Shuo(), LIU ChaoLin(), LIU ShiLiang, JIANG GuiYing(), YANG Jin, WANG BeiBei, ZHAO Ying, ZHU XuanLin, LIU Fang, JIE XiaoLei

College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Quality Conservation in the Huanghuaihai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Production of Wheat-Maize Double Cropping, Zhengzhou 450046

Received:2025-10-29 Accepted:2025-12-22 Published:2026-09-03 Online:2026-09-03

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】通过探究不同轮耕模式与施肥配合对潮土氮素迁移与转化及作物生长的影响，筛选出豫北小麦-玉米轮作区最优的农田管理模式。【方法】试验基于始于2016年的长期耕作定位试验平台，采用双因素裂区设计，以施肥为主因素，耕作方式为副因素。施肥设置常规施肥（NPK）和NPK配施有机肥（NPKM），耕作模式设置4个轮耕模式：（1）连续旋耕（RT-RT-RT）；（2）深耕-旋耕-旋耕（DT-RT-RT）；（3）深耕-旋耕-浅旋耕（DT-RT-SRT）；（4）深耕-浅旋耕-浅旋耕（DT-SRT-SRT）。于2023年采样测定并分析不同轮耕模式下有机肥施用对土壤不同形态氮素含量、酶活性、作物氮素利用及产量的影响特征。【结果】在NPKM模式下的DT-RT-SRT处理相对NPK模式下的RT-RT-RT处理显著提高了0—40 cm土层各形态氮素含量。其中全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮含量分别提高了25.0%—49.1%、42.8%—140.0%和4.6%—125.6%。在0—40 cm土层，NPKM模式的土壤容重较NPK模式降低了0.3%—15.7%，DT-RT-SRT较RT-RT-RT处理的土壤孔隙度提高了8.5%—18.2%。在0—20 cm土层，相较于NPK+RT-RT-RT处理，NPKM+DT-RT-SRT处理的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性分别提高了4.0%—53.3%、22.7%—71.3%和4.2%—57.2%。增施有机肥配合轮耕模式提高了小麦和玉米产量，相对于NPK，NPKM模式提高了小麦氮素积累但却降低了其对氮素的吸收利用。相比NPK+RT-RT-RT，NPKM+DT-SRT-SRT处理小麦地上部氮素积累量、籽粒氮素积累量及收获指数分别提高了87.2%、91.4%和30.3%，但氮肥吸收效率和氮肥偏生产力分别降低了10.6%和33.1%，玉米季氮肥吸收效率则提高了22.1%。轮耕有效减少了氮素表观损失，有利于土壤氮素平衡，以DT-SRT-SRT处理效果最好。NPKM较NPK处理显著提高了作物氮素吸收量和土壤氮素残留量，但其氮素表观损失也随之升高。相关性分析显示，小麦季和玉米季0—40 cm土层的容重与作物产量和土壤全氮、铵、硝态氮等指标呈负相关，氮素含量与脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性和收获指数呈正相关。主成分分析发现，施肥模式对土壤物理、化学和生物性质的影响大于耕作模式，且其影响效果是小麦季大于玉米季。【结论】有机肥配合轮耕改善了土壤物理结构，显著提高了土壤不同形态氮素含量、土壤主要酶活性、植株氮素积累及作物产量，显著减少土壤氮素表观损失，有利于土壤的氮素平衡。其中NPKM+DT-RT-SRT处理对土壤肥力改善及作物产量的提升效果最好，而NPKM+DT-SRT-SRT处理对氮素效率指标的提升效果最好，氮素利用效率最高，推荐为豫北平原潮土区适宜的田间管理模式。

关键词: 潮土, 轮耕模式, 有机肥, 氮素形态, 氮素平衡

Abstract:

【Objective】Based on the long term tillage experiment, this study investigated the effects of combination of rotational tillage mode and fertilization on nitrogen migration and transformation, crop growth in fluvo-aquic soil in the northern Henan province, aiming to select the optimal agricultural management in this area.【Method】The long term tillage experiment with two-factor split-plot design was carried out. Fertilization with manure or not was the main factor and tillage mode as the subfactor. Four rotational tillage modes were set as: (1) Continuous rotary tillage (RT-RT-RT); (2) Deep tillage-rotary tillage-rotary tillage (DT-RT-RT); (3) Deep tillage-rotary tillage-shallow rotary tillage (DT-RT-SRT); (4) Deep tillage- shallow rotary tillage-shallow rotary tillage (DT-SRT-SRT). The soil nitrogen forms, enzyme activity, crop nitrogen utilization, and yield were determined and analyzed.【Result】Compared with RT-RT-RT with mineral fertilizer (NPK), all the nitrogen forms content were increased under DT-RT-SRT with manure (NPKM) in the 0-40 cm soil layer. Therein, total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N), and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) content increased by 25.0%-49.1%, 42.8%-140.0%, and 4.6%-125.6%, respectively. In the 0-40 cm soil layer, the bulk density (BD) under NPKM was lower (0.3%-15.7%) than that under NPK, soil porosity (SR) increased by 8.5%-18.2% under DT-RT-SRT relative to RT-RT-RT. In the 0-20 cm soil layer, compared with the NPK+RT-RT-RT, soil urease, sucrase, and alkaline phosphatase activities increased by 4.0%-53.3%, 22.7%-71.3%, and 4.2%-57.2% under NPKM+DT-RT-SRT, respectively. The crop yield was increased under the treatment with combination of manure and rotational tillage modes. Compared with NPK, nitrogen accumulation in wheat increased but its nitrogen uptake and utilization reduced under NPKM condition. Compared with NPK+RT-RT-RT, in wheat season, the nitrogen accumulation in above-ground biomass, grain, and harvest index increased by 87.2%, 91.4%, and 30.3% under NPKM+DT-SRT-SRT, respectively. However, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and partial factor productivity decreased by 10.6% and 33.1%, respectively, while the nitrogen uptake efficiency in the subsequent maize season increased by 22.1%. Rotational tillage treatments reduced the apparent loss of nitrogen, with the best effect exhibiting under DT-SRT-SRT treatment. Compared with NPK, NPKM significantly increased crop nitrogen uptake and soil nitrogen residue, but the apparent nitrogen loss increased. The correlation analysis indicated, in the 0-40 cm soil layer, during wheat and maize seasons, BD was negatively correlated with crop yield, TN, NO₃^--N, NO₄⁺-N, and other indicators content, while the nitrogen content was positively correlated with urease, sucrase, alkaline phosphatase activity, harvest index, and other indicators. Principle component analysis showed the effect of fertilization on soil physical, chemical and biological properties was more markable than that of tillage mode, and this effect was larger during wheat season than that during maize season.【Conclusion】In summary, the combination of manure and rotational tillage improved soil physical structure, increased the content of various forms of soil nitrogen, enhanced the soil enzymes activity, promoted nitrogen accumulation in plants, and increased crop yield, significantly reduced the apparent loss of soil nitrogen, which was conducive to the nitrogen balance of the soil. Therein, NPKM+DT-RT-SRT demonstrated the most effective improvement in both soil and crop quality. NPKM+DT-SRT-SRT exhibited the best improvement effect on the nitrogen efficiency index and the highest nitrogen utilization efficiency. Therefore, they were recommended as a suitable agricultural management in fluvo-aquic soil in the northern Henan Province.

Key words: fluvo-aquic soil, rotational tillage mode, organic fertilizer, nitrogen form, nitrogen balance

李硕, 刘超麟, 刘世亮, 姜桂英, 杨锦, 王贝贝, 赵颖, 朱宣霖, 刘芳, 介晓磊. 不同轮耕模式下有机肥施用对豫北潮土氮素迁移转化的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(17): 3822-3841.

LI Shuo, LIU ChaoLin, LIU ShiLiang, JIANG GuiYing, YANG Jin, WANG BeiBei, ZHAO Ying, ZHU XuanLin, LIU Fang, JIE XiaoLei. Effects of Combination of Organic Fertilizer and Rotational Tillage Patterns on Nitrogen Migration and Transformation in Fluvo-Aquic Soil in Northern Henan Province[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(17): 3822-3841.

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作物 Crop	品种 Variety	播种量 Seeding rate	施肥量Fertilizer rate (kg·hm^-2)
作物 Crop	品种 Variety	播种量 Seeding rate	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
小麦Wheat	郑麦136 Zhengmai136	302.25 kg·hm^-2	150+69	120	120
玉米Maize	浚单29 Xundan29	67500 plant/hm²	210	75	90

施肥处理Fertilizer treatment	耕作处理 Tillage treatment	地上部氮素积累量 Aboveground nitrogen accumulation (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest index (kg·kg^-1)	氮收获指数 N harvest index (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥吸收效率 N uptake efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥偏生产力 N partial factor productivity (kg·kg^-1)
NPK	RT-RT-RT	97.16±0.49d	0.66±0.01b	0.77±1.07b	0.44±0.02d	28.48±0.56c
	DT-RT-RT	110.89±1.81c	0.72±0.01a	0.80±0.02a	0.51±0.08c	29.57±0.05c
	DT-RT-SRT	142.29±1.3a	0.73±0.01a	0.80±0.05a	0.65±0.05a	32.90±0.46a
	DT-SRT-SRT	134.09±1.33b	0.64±0.02b	0.78±0.02ab	0.61±0.04b	31.15±0.75b
NPKM	RT-RT-RT	140.49±1.87d	0.74±0.01c	0.75±0.02c	0.33±0.02d	17.46±0.23c
	DT-RT-RT	158.61±2.99c	0.78±0.03b	0.77±0.03b	0.37±0.03c	18.27±0.21b
	DT-RT-SRT	168.71±3.92b	0.74±0.01c	0.77±0.01b	0.39±0.02b	18.44±0.22b
	DT-SRT-SRT	181.91±0.82a	0.86±0.02a	0.79±0.08a	0.42±0.01a	19.06±0.23a

施肥处理 Fertilizer treatment	耕作处理 Tillage treatment	地上部氮素积累量 Aboveground nitrogen accumulation (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest index (kg·kg^-1)	氮收获指数 N harvest index (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥吸收效率 N uptake efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥偏生产力 N partial factor productivity (kg·kg^-1)
NPK	RT-RT-RT	236.25±0.76b	0.54±0.02c	0.52±0.01d	1.13±0.01b	46.65±0.34c
	DT-RT-RT	237.86±2.84b	0.59±0.05b	0.62±0.02b	1.13±0.01b	49.90±0.48a
	DT-RT-SRT	223.57±7.73c	0.62±0.02a	0.63±0.01a	1.06±0.04c	47.84±0.14b
	DT-SRT-SRT	250.72±2.43a	0.61±0.03ab	0.54±0.01c	1.19±0.01a	49.54±0.20a
NPKM	RT-RT-RT	273.95±2.65b	0.57±0.03c	0.60±0.01d	1.30±0.01b	48.50±0.28c
	DT-RT-RT	256.68±5.29c	0.61±0.06b	0.68±0.01b	1.22±0.03c	48.90±0.76c
	DT-RT-SRT	288.83±2.13a	0.66±0.06a	0.71±0.01a	1.38±0.01a	56.00±0.55a
	DT-SRT-SRT	271.47±5.47b	0.65±0.03a	0.65±0.01c	1.29±0.03b	52.53±1.06b

施肥处理Fertilizer treatment	耕作处理 Tillage treatment	氮输入Nitrogen input				氮输出Nitrogen output		氮素表观损失 Apparent N loss
施肥处理Fertilizer treatment	耕作处理 Tillage treatment	无机肥料 Mineral fertilizer	有机肥 Organic fertilizer	土壤矿物氮素 Soil mineralized N	秸秆还田氮素 Straw returning to field N	作物吸氮量 Crop nitrogen uptake	土壤残留氮素 N residue in soil	氮素表观损失 Apparent N loss
NPK	RT-RT-RT	429.0	0	148.1d	58.9b	311.3d	214.5c	110.2a
	DT-RT-RT	429.0	0	204.3a	64.2ab	326.7c	265.6b	105.3a
	DT-RT-SRT	429.0	0	189.0c	69.2a	337.7b	260.9b	88.7a
	DT-SRT-SRT	429.0	0	194.9b	66.7ab	355.5a	307.3a	27.7b
NPKM	RT-RT-RT	429.0	210.0	225.0c	72.3ab	380.4b	351.2b	204.7b
	DT-RT-RT	429.0	210.0	256.3b	68.3b	379.1b	429.6a	155.0c
	DT-RT-SRT	429.0	210.0	271.4a	77.4a	419.3a	337.4b	231.2a
	DT-SRT-SRT	429.0	210.0	259.5b	78.4a	415.1a	409.5a	152.3c

变量因素 Source of variation	施肥 Fertilizer	耕作 Tillage	季度 Season	施肥×耕作Fertilizer× Tillage	施肥×季度Fertilizer× Season	耕作×季度Tillage× Season	施肥×耕作×季度 Fertilizer×Tillage×Season
全氮Total nitrogen	996.899**	213.273**	804.287**	22.070**	56.657**	30.000**	8.090**
硝态氮Nitrate nitrogen	554.638**	114.547**	305.312**	24.283**	72.991**	15.588**	17.376**
铵态氮Ammonium nitrogen	2.944NS	32.249**	167.478**	15.473**	340.475**	5.036**	13.947**
容重Bulk density	399.632**	39.061**	211.290**	5.363**	91.377**	11.322**	6.216**
孔隙度Porosity	763.178**	97.416**	263.068**	5.731**	79.573**	26.304**	6.267**
土壤脲酶Soil urease	134.923**	32.519**	953.479**	8.557**	19.148**	40.685**	16.489**
土壤蔗糖酶Soil sucrase	77.450**	21.563**	303.707**	1.293NS	0.001NS	9.503**	5.189**
土壤碱性磷酸酶 Soil alkaline phosphatase	28.039**	46.463**	3.274NS	0.702NS	0.189NS	31.595**	0.360NS
产量Yield	822.377**	133.400**	10588.189**	18.248**	74.096**	2.029NS	76.281**
地上部氮素积累量 Aboveground nitrogen accumulation	1587.314**	130.491**	13726.403**	9.207**	8.672**	70.704**	66.537**
氮肥偏生产力 N partial factor productivity	1092.669**	125.363**	33599.413**	19.303**	2974.798**	6.556**	90.500**
氮收获指数N harvest index	234.127**	195.289**	5651.412**	20.895**	521.760**	100.681**	1.484NS
氮肥吸收效率N uptake efficiency	0.297NS	94.086**	30201.171**	19.203**	1597.117**	43.345**	77.890**
收获指数Harvest index	15.932**	9.670**	402.772**	8.120**	38.226**	0.744NS	6.850**
氮素平衡Nitrogen balance	514.591**	51.471**	0.000NS	20.013**	0.000NS	0.000NS	0.000NS

不同轮耕模式下有机肥施用对豫北潮土氮素迁移转化的影响

Effects of Combination of Organic Fertilizer and Rotational Tillage Patterns on Nitrogen Migration and Transformation in Fluvo-Aquic Soil in Northern Henan Province

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