长期单施有机肥和化肥对土壤氮库组分及供氮能力的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.009

中国农业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (16): 3591-3604.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.009

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

长期单施有机肥和化肥对土壤氮库组分及供氮能力的影响

王方洁¹^,²(), 徐久凯², 张水勤², 许猛², 李燕婷², 韩娟娟², 孟凡龙², 张静², 叶新新¹(), 赵秉强², 袁亮²()

¹ 安徽农业大学资源与环境学院，合肥 230036
² 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室/农业农村部植物营养与肥料重点实验室，北京 100081

收稿日期:2025-10-11 接受日期:2026-03-04 出版日期:2026-08-16 发布日期:2026-08-17
通信作者:
袁亮，E-mail：yuanliang@caas.cn。
叶新新，E-mail：yexx@ahau.edu.cn。
联系方式: 王方洁，E-mail：wangfangjie8864@163.com。
基金资助:
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1610132024014); 国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-03)

Effects of Long-Term Single Application of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Soil Nitrogen Pool Components and Nitrogen Supply Capacity

WANG FangJie¹^,²(), XU JiuKai², ZHANG ShuiQin², XU Meng², LI YanTing², HAN JuanJuan², MENG FanLong², ZHANG Jing², YE XinXin¹(), ZHAO BingQiang², YUAN Liang²()

¹ College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036
² Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081

Received:2025-10-11 Accepted:2026-03-04 Published:2026-08-16 Online:2026-08-17

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】土壤氮库组成是反映土壤可持续生产力的重要指标，通过量化土壤氮库组分变化与有机肥、化肥用量的响应关系，明确有机肥和化肥对土壤中不同氮素组分的培育特征，为土壤培肥和优化农田土壤氮素管理提供理论依据。【方法】以有机肥与化肥不同用量长期定位监测试验（始于2006年）为平台，有机肥和化肥均设置10个施氮肥水平（以N计，每季作物施氮量分别为0、60、120、180、240、300、360、420、500、600 kg·hm^-2）。种植制度为冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟制。2024年夏玉米成熟期取植株样品，测定玉米生物量、籽粒产量和氮含量。夏玉米收获后，采集0—20 cm土层土样，测定土壤全氮、无机氮含量，采用Bremner法测定土壤有机氮组分含量。【结果】（1）两种肥料处理的土壤全氮含量随施氮量增加均呈线性增长。与不施肥处理相比，施用有机肥和化肥土壤全氮含量提高幅度分别为19.1%—273.5%和8.8%—25.0%。随施氮量增加，施用两种肥料的土壤硝态氮含量均显著增加。等氮量下，有机肥处理土壤硝态氮含量显著高于化肥，为其1.44—5.17倍，但铵态氮差异不显著。（2）对于土壤有机氮组分，有机肥处理的酸解总氮（THN）与非酸解态氮（NHN）含量均随施氮量增加而增加。化肥处理的THN含量亦随施氮量增加而升高，但处理间无显著差异。在酸解氮组分中，酸解铵态氮（AN）、氨基酸态氮（AAN）及氨基糖态氮（ASN）含量在有机肥与化肥处理中均随施氮量增加而增加。然而，酸解未知氮（HUN）含量变化趋势相反，有机肥处理随施氮量增加而上升，化肥处理则呈下降趋势。线性拟合结果表明，化肥处理的NHN与施氮量无显著相关性。两种肥料处理下各有机氮组分含量均与施氮量呈显著线性正相关，其中化肥处理的HUN与施氮量呈显著线性负相关。长期施用有机肥和化肥改变了各酸解氮组分占土壤全氮的比例，化肥处理的占比为AN（28.3%—32.5%）AAN（25.1%—29.5%）>HUN（5.9%—10.0%）>ASN（2.6%—3.5%）；有机肥处理的占比为AAN（23.7%—31.4%）>AN（19.6%—27.6%）>HUN（7.9%—12.6%）>ASN（2.3%—3.2%）。（3）相关性分析表明，AN、AAN和ASN与夏玉米地上部氮吸收量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。【结论】在华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系下，与长期单施化肥相比，长期施用有机肥能够显著提高土壤氮库容量；在酸解有机氮中，有机肥处理显著增加了酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮、氨基糖态氮和酸解未知氮含量，从而提高土壤供氮能力。酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮、氨基糖态氮与夏玉米地上部氮吸收呈极显著正相关，是夏玉米吸收利用的潜在有效氮源。

关键词: 长期施肥, 有机肥, 化肥, 土壤有机氮组分, 氮肥施用量

Abstract:

【Objective】 The composition of soil nitrogen pool is an important indicator reflecting the sustainable productivity of soil. By quantifying the response relationship between changes in soil nitrogen pool components and the application rate of organic and chemical fertilizers, the cultivation characteristics of different nitrogen components in soil by organic and chemical fertilizers were clarified, so as to provide a theoretical basis for soil fertilization and optimizing nitrogen management in farmland soil.【Method】 This study used a long-term location monitoring experiment with different dosages of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer (starting in 2006) as a platform. Both organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer were set at 10 nitrogen fertilizer levels (calculated as N, with crop nitrogen application rates of 0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 500, and 600 kg·hm^-2per season). The planting system was a double cropping system of winter wheat and summer maize per year. Plant samples were taken during the maturity period of maize in the summer of 2024 to determine nitrogen content, biomass, and maize grain yield. After the summer maize harvest, soil samples were collected in 0-20 cm depth to determine the total nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen content of the soil. The Bremner method was used to determine the organic nitrogen component content of the soil. 【Result】 (1) The total nitrogen content of the soil in both fertilization treatments showed a linear increase with the increase of nitrogen application rate. Compared with the no fertilization treatment, the increase in soil total nitrogen content in organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer treatments was 19.1%-273.5% and 8.8%-25.0%, respectively. For soil inorganic nitrogen, with the increase of nitrogen application rate, the soil nitrate nitrogen content significantly increased under both fertilization treatments. Under the same nitrogen content, the nitrate nitrogen content in soil treated with organic fertilizer was significantly higher than that of chemical fertilizer, ranging from 1.44 to 5.17 times, but the difference in ammonium nitrogen was not significant. (2) For soil organic nitrogen components, the content of total acid hydrolyzable nitrogen (THN) and non-acid hydrolyzable nitrogen (NHN) in organic fertilizer treatment increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. The THN content of fertilizer treatment also increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, but there was no significant difference between the treatments. In the components of acid hydrolyzed nitrogen, the content of acid hydrolyzed ammonium nitrogen (AN), amino acid nitrogen (AAN), and amino sugar nitrogen (ASN) increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate in both organic and chemical fertilizer treatments. However, the trend of changes in the content of acid hydrolyzed unknown nitrogen (HUN) was opposite, with organic fertilizer treatment increasing with increasing nitrogen application, while chemical fertilizer treatment showed a decreasing trend. The linear fitting results indicated that there was no significant correlation between NHN and nitrogen application rate in fertilizer treatment. Under both fertilization treatments, the content of various organic nitrogen components showed a significant linear positive correlation with nitrogen application rate. Among them, the HUN of fertilizer treatment showed a significant linear negative correlation with nitrogen application rate. Long term application of organic and chemical fertilizers has changed the proportion of various acid hydrolyzed nitrogen components to total soil nitrogen. The distribution ratio of chemical fertilizer treatment was AN (28.3%-32.5%)>AAN (25.1%-29.5%)>HUN (5.9%-10.0%)>ASN (2.6%-3.5%); the allocation ratio for organic fertilizer treatment was AAN (23.7%-31.4%)>AN (19.6%- 27.6%)>HUN (7.9%-12.6%)>ASN (2.3%-3.2%). (3) Correlation analysis showed that AN, AAN, and ASN were significantly positively correlated with nitrogen uptake in the aboveground parts of summer maize (P<0.01). 【Conclusion】 Under the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain, the long-term application of chemical fertilizer and long-term application of organic fertilizer could significantly increase the soil nitrogen pool capacity. In acid hydrolyzed organic nitrogen, compared with the application of chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizer treatment significantly increased the content of AN, AAN, ASN, and HUN, thereby improving soil nitrogen supply capacity. AN, AAN, and ASN exhibited a highly significant positive correlation with the nitrogen absorption in the aboveground parts of summer maize, making them potential effective nitrogen sources for the absorption and utilization by summer maize.

Key words: long-term fertilization, organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, soil organic nitrogen, nitrogen fertilizer application rate

王方洁, 徐久凯, 张水勤, 许猛, 李燕婷, 韩娟娟, 孟凡龙, 张静, 叶新新, 赵秉强, 袁亮. 长期单施有机肥和化肥对土壤氮库组分及供氮能力的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(16): 3591-3604.

WANG FangJie, XU JiuKai, ZHANG ShuiQin, XU Meng, LI YanTing, HAN JuanJuan, MENG FanLong, ZHANG Jing, YE XinXin, ZHAO BingQiang, YUAN Liang. Effects of Long-Term Single Application of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Soil Nitrogen Pool Components and Nitrogen Supply Capacity[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(16): 3591-3604.

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土壤氮组分 Soil nitrogen compositions	函数关系 Function relation
土壤氮组分 Soil nitrogen compositions	化肥 Chemical fertilizer	有机肥 Organic fertilizer
全氮 TN (g·kg^-1)	y=0.0002x+0.72，R²=0.32^***	y=0.0031x+0.65，R²=0.96^***
硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	y=0.0440x-2.860，R²=0.77^***	y =0.1092x-7.826，R²=0.91^***
铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	y=0.0028x+4.67，R²=0.39^***	y=0.0040x+5.01，R²=0.55^***
酸解总氮 THN (mg·kg^-1)	y=0.25x+465.74，R²=0.54^***	y=1.85x+433.02，R²=0.96^***
非酸解氮 NHN (mg·kg^-1)	—	y=1.24x+212.47，R²=0.95^***
酸解铵态氮 AN (mg·kg^-1)	y=0.12x+205.23，R²=0.71^***	y=0.49x+199.78，R²=0.93^***
氨基酸态氮 AAN (mg·kg^-1)	y=0.14x+169.82，R²=0.76^***	y=0.93x+150.94，R²=0.91^***
氨基糖态氮 ASN (mg·kg^-1)	y=0.02x+17.60，R²=0.76^***	y=0.10x+12.53，R²=0.91^***
酸解未知氮 HUN (mg·kg^-1)	y=-0.03x+73.08，R²=0.24^**	y=0.32x+69.77，R²=0.84^***

长期单施有机肥和化肥对土壤氮库组分及供氮能力的影响

Effects of Long-Term Single Application of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Soil Nitrogen Pool Components and Nitrogen Supply Capacity

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