有机替代和地膜覆盖对旱地小麦根系生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.11.004

中国农业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (11): 2340-2357.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.11.004

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

有机替代和地膜覆盖对旱地小麦根系生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响

魏文龙¹^,²(), 王林林¹^,²(), 陈晓丽¹^,³, 武凌彬¹^,², 李录芳¹^,², 解云婷¹^,², 王江文¹^,²

¹ 甘肃农业大学/省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室，兰州 730070
² 甘肃农业大学农学院，兰州 730070
³ 内蒙古自治区农牧业技术推广中心，呼和浩特 010010

收稿日期:2025-11-13 接受日期:2026-04-10 出版日期:2026-06-01 发布日期:2026-06-03
通信作者:
王林林，E-mail：wangll@gsau.edu.cn
联系方式: 魏文龙，E-mail：1627979132@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(42167008); 甘肃省科技重大专项(25ZDNA007)

Effects of Partial Organic Fertilizer Substitution and Plastic Film Mulching on Root Growth, Yield, and Water Use Efficiency of Spring Wheat in Dryland

WEI WenLong¹^,²(), WANG LinLin¹^,²(), CHEN XiaoLi¹^,³, WU LingBin¹^,², LI LuFang¹^,², XIE YunTing¹^,², WANG JiangWen¹^,²

¹ Gansu Agricultural University/Provincial-Ministerial Key Laboratory of Crop Science in Arid Habitat, Lanzhou 730070
² College of Agriculture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070
³ Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Farming and Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Center, Hohhot 010010

Received:2025-11-13 Accepted:2026-04-10 Published:2026-06-01 Online:2026-06-03

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探析有机肥替代部分化肥和地膜覆盖对旱地小麦产量及水分利用效率的调控机制，为黄土高原旱作区春小麦高产高效生产提供理论依据。【方法】于2023—2025年在甘肃省定西市开展田间试验，设置单施化肥（NP，105 kg N·hm^-2和105 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）、有机替代（MNP，80 kg N·hm^-2和88 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2，腐熟羊粪8 500 kg·hm^-2，有机氮磷替代比例约为23.8%和16.2%）、地膜覆盖+单施化肥（FNP）及地膜覆盖+有机替代（FMNP）4个处理，分析各处理对春小麦根系性状、阶段水分利用、干物质积累、产量及水分利用效率（WUE）的影响。【结果】与不覆膜处理相比，地膜覆盖处理（FNP、FMNP）的播种期土壤贮水量平均显著增加了23.7 mm。与NP处理相比，FNP和FMNP处理的成熟期0—20 cm土层根长密度分别显著提高了25.7%和22.0%，而成熟期60—140 cm根长密度较NP处理分别显著提高了33.7%和45.9%。FNP和FMNP处理的拔节-开花阶段耗水量较NP处理分别显著提高了16.8%和24.5%，水分利用效率分别显著提高了34.3%和35.0%。与NP处理相比，MNP、FNP和FMNP处理的叶面积指数分别显著提高了12.5%、30.2%和38.7%。FNP和FMNP处理的成熟期地上干物质积累量较NP处理两年平均分别显著提高了35.1%和40.5%。相比NP处理，FNP和FMNP处理的产量平均分别显著提高47.0%和58.7%，籽粒产量水分利用效率（WUEg）平均分别显著提高了31.3%和41.7%，而MNP处理的籽粒产量和WUEg较NP处理提升不显著。随机森林和结构方程模型分析表明，有机替代结合地膜覆盖通过影响根系性状，进而调控了阶段水分利用和干物质分配，从而显著影响了产量和WUEg。【结论】有机替代结合地膜覆盖通过优化根系构型，促进小麦拔节-开花期的阶段水分利用，增加生物量积累，降低根冠比，促进光合产物向籽粒分配，从而提高了旱地春小麦产量与水分利用效率。

关键词: 春小麦, 有机肥替代部分化肥, 地膜覆盖, 根系生长, 产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer and plastic film mulching on yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of spring wheat in dryland, and to provide a theoretical basis for high-yield and efficient production of spring wheat in the rainfed farming areas of the Loess Plateau.【Method】A field experiment was conducted in Dingxi city, Gansu province, from 2023 to 2025, with four treatments established: chemical fertilizer only (NP, supplying 105 kg·N hm^-2 and 105 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2), partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer (MNP, supplying 80 kg N·hm^-2 and 88 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, plus 8 500 kg·hm^-2 of composted sheep manure, corresponding to approximately 23.8% and 16.2% substitution of chemical N and P₂O₅, respectively), chemical fertilizer combined with plastic film mulching (FNP), and the combined application of organic substitution and film mulching (FMNP). The effects of these treatments on root traits, stage-specific water use, dry matter accumulation, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of spring wheat were investigated.【Result】Film mulching treatments (FNP and FMNP) significantly enhanced soil water storage at sowing compared to non-mulched treatments (NP and MNP), with an average increase of 23.7 mm. In contrast, organic substitution without film mulching (MNP) did not exert a significant effect on soil water storage. Relative to NP treatment, FNP and FMNP significantly increased root length density in the 0-20 cm soil layer at maturity by 25.7% and 22.0%, and in the 60-140 cm layer by 33.7% and 45.9%, respectively. Water consumption during the jointing-flowering stage was significantly increased by 16.8% and 24.5%, and the stage-specific water use efficiency was correspondingly enhanced by 34.3% and 35.0% for FNP and FMNP compared to NP. Leaf area index (LAI) was significantly elevated by 12.5%, 30.2%, and 38.7% for MNP, FNP, and FMNP, respectively, compared with NP. Moreover, aboveground dry matter accumulation at maturity was significantly increased by 35.1% and 40.5% for FNP and FMNP, respectively, averaged over the two-year period. Compared with the NP treatment, the FNP and FMNP treatments significantly increased grain yield by 47.0% and 58.7%, respectively, and water use efficiency for grain yield (WUEg) by 31.3% and 41.7% on average, respectively. In contrast, the MNP treatment did not significantly improve grain yield or WUEg relative to NP. Random forest and structural equation modeling analyses indicated that the combined application of organic substitution and film mulching affected root traits, which in turn regulated stage-specific water use and dry matter partitioning, thereby significantly influencing yield and WUEg.【Conclusion】These results demonstrate that the integration of partial organic fertilizer substitution with plastic film mulching optimizes root architecture, enhances water use during the jointing-flowering stage, increases biomass accumulation, reduces the root-to-shoot ratio, and promotes the allocation of photosynthetic assimilates to grains, ultimately improving both grain yield and water use efficiency of spring wheat in dryland.

Key words: spring wheat, partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer, plastic film mulching, root growth, yield, water use efficiency

魏文龙, 王林林, 陈晓丽, 武凌彬, 李录芳, 解云婷, 王江文. 有机替代和地膜覆盖对旱地小麦根系生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(11): 2340-2357.

WEI WenLong, WANG LinLin, CHEN XiaoLi, WU LingBin, LI LuFang, XIE YunTing, WANG JiangWen. Effects of Partial Organic Fertilizer Substitution and Plastic Film Mulching on Root Growth, Yield, and Water Use Efficiency of Spring Wheat in Dryland[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(11): 2340-2357.

图/表 11

图1

表1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

表2

有机替代和地膜覆盖对春小麦产量性状、产量及水分利用效率的影响"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	耗水量 ETc (mm)	穗数 Number of spikes (spike/m²)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 TGW (g)	生物量水分利用效率 WUEb (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	收获指数 Harvest index (%)	籽粒产量水分利用效率 WUEg (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	产量协同效应SE_GY (%)	水分利用效率协同效应 SE_WUE(%)
2024	NP	349±22b	395±21ab	24.6±1.5c	39.0±2.1a	14.3±0.9b	33.9±2.4a	4.8±0.3c	1688±115b	—	—
	MNP	373±22ab	382±23b	25.5±2.2bc	41.7±3.3a	13.7±1.0b	35.7±2.4a	4.9±0.2c	1814±130b	—	—
	FNP	394±23a	426±29a	28.4±1.8ab	38.2±2.9a	17.2±1.1a	36.3±2.3a	6.2±0.3b	2450±108a	—	—
	FMNP	381±21ab	429±13a	31.8±1.7a	37.4±2.8a	18.2±1.2a	38.0±2.4a	6.9±0.4a	2631±126a	6.2	40.0
2025	NP	366±20c	412±14b	26.0±1.6b	42.1±2.3a	13.9±1.0c	34.6±2.2b	4.8±0.3b	1759±97d	—	—
	MNP	380±16bc	426±15ab	27.7±1.9b	43.1±2.8a	14.8±1.3bc	34.9±2.3ab	5.2±0.5b	1965±109c	—	—
	FNP	409±19ab	444±19ab	31.7±2.1a	41.4±2.4a	16.7±0.9ab	38.3±2.6ab	6.4±0.3a	2617±102b	—	—
	FMNP	421±18a	449±18a	33.0±2.0a	40.6±2.4a	17.1±0.9a	39.4±2.4a	6.7±0.3a	2840±104a	1.6	-5.0
平均 Average	NP	358±21b	404±18b	25.3±1.6c	40.6±2.6a	14.1±0.9b	34.3±2.1c	4.8±0.3c	1724±103c	—	—
	MNP	377±18ab	404±30b	26.6±2.2c	42.4±2.8a	14.3±1.2b	35.3±2.1bc	5.0±0.4c	1890±135c	—	—
	FNP	402±21a	435±24a	30.1±2.5b	39.8±3.0a	17.0±0.9a	37.3±2.5ab	6.3±0.3b	2534±131b	—	—
	FMNP	401±28a	439±18a	32.4±1.8a	39.0±2.9a	17.7±1.1a	38.7±2.3a	6.8±0.3a	2736±154a	3.7	17.6
年份Year (Y)		*	**	**	**	*	ns	ns	**
有机替代Organic substitution (OR)		ns	ns	**	ns	*	**	**	**
地膜覆盖Film mulching (FM)		**	**	**	ns	**	**	**	**
Y×OR		ns	**	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Y×FM		ns	*	ns	ns	**	*	ns	ns
OR×FM		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	*	ns
Y×OR×FM		ns	*	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

表2

图8

图9

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有机替代和地膜覆盖对旱地小麦根系生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响

Effects of Partial Organic Fertilizer Substitution and Plastic Film Mulching on Root Growth, Yield, and Water Use Efficiency of Spring Wheat in Dryland

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