大豆玉米带状间作下不同行比配置对作物个体和群体产量及效益的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.23.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 为优化黄淮海区域玉米大豆间作种植模式，通过评估不同行比配置对作物农艺性状、群体冠层结构、产量构成要素、边际效应及综合经济效益的影响，筛选适宜的行比模式，以提升土地资源利用效率及经济效益。【方法】 设置4行大豆间作2行玉米（4﹕2）、6行大豆间作4行玉米（6﹕4）、4行大豆间作4行玉米（4﹕4）3种行比模式，并以大豆单作（SCK）和玉米单作（MCK）为对照，测定分析不同行比配置下作物干物质积累量、叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）、冠层透光率及产量构成要素。采用分内外行取样法评估边际效应及经济效益。【结果】 与单作相比，间作显著降低了玉米（灌浆期、乳熟期及成熟期）和大豆（盛花期、盛荚期、鼓粒期及完熟期）的单株干物质积累量。在行比模式中，4﹕4模式的玉米单株干物质积累量最高，而大豆则以6﹕4模式最高。行比配置显著影响了两作物各行间干物质积累量及产量。玉米产量排序为：4﹕4模式>4﹕2模式>6﹕4模式，较MCK分别降低15.22%、18.02%和12.62%；大豆产量排序为：6﹕4模式>4﹕4模式>4﹕2模式，较SCK分别降低55.99%、50.43%和56.00%。间作玉米表现出明显边际优势，边行产量显著高于内行。间作体系下，玉米和大豆的冠层透光率、LAI及SPAD值均低于单作。玉米的冠层透光率、LAI和SPAD值均表现为：4﹕4模式>4﹕2模式>6﹕4模式；大豆冠层透光率排序为4﹕4模式>6﹕4模式>4﹕2模式，其LAI和SPAD值排序同玉米。玉米LAI受行比影响显著，而其SPAD值及大豆的LAI、SPAD值行间差异均不显著。经济效益及间作优势评估中，4﹕4模式表现最优，其土地当量比(LER)、相对拥挤系数(K)及经济效益均为最高。间作玉米的LER值和K值均高于大豆，且玉米竞争比率(CR_m)显著高于大豆(CR_s)（CR_m>1,CR_s<1），表明玉米在种间竞争中占据优势。【结论】 相较于单作，间作模式虽降低了两作物单株干物质积累量、LAI及SPAD值，但显著提升了土地当量比及综合经济效益。本试验条件下，4﹕4模式群体冠层结构更优，玉米边际优势显著，在维持玉米产量水平的同时增收大豆，实现了总产量与经济效益的协同提升。

关键词: 玉米大豆间作, 行比模式, 边际效应, 产量, 经济效益

Abstract:

【Objective】 To optimize the soybean-maize intercropping system in the Huang-Huai-Hai region, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different row ratio configurations on crop agronomic traits, canopy structure of the population, yield components, edge effects, and overall economic benefits. The goal was to identify suitable row ratio configurations, thereby improving land resource use efficiency and economic returns. 【Method】 Three row ratio configurations were implemented: 4 rows of soybean intercropped with 2 rows of maize (4:2), 6 rows of soybean intercropped with 4 rows of maize (6:4), and 4 rows of soybean intercropped with 4 rows of maize (4:4), using monoculture soybean (SCK) and monoculture maize (MCK) as controls. Crop dry matter accumulation, leaf area index (LAI), relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), canopy light transmittance, and yield components were measured. The inner and outer row sampling approach was adopted to evaluate edge effects and overall economic benefits. 【Result】 Compared with monoculture, intercropping significantly decreased per-plant dry matter accumulation in maize during the filling, milking, and maturity stages, and in soybean during the full flowering, full pod, grain filling, and full maturity stages. Among the row ratio configurations, maize exhibited maximum per-plant dry matter accumulation under the 4:4 pattern, whereas soybean achieved its highest accumulation under the 6:4 pattern. Row ratio configurations significantly influenced inter-row variations in dry matter accumulation and yield for both crops. Maize yield followed the order 4:4 pattern>4:2 pattern>6:4 pattern, representing reductions of 15.22%, 18.02%, and 12.62% relative to MCK, respectively; soybean yield followed the order 6:4 pattern>4:4 pattern>4:2 pattern, corresponding to reductions of 55.99%, 50.43%, and 56.00% compared with SCK, respectively. Intercropped maize exhibited pronounced edge advantage, with border row maize yields significantly exceeding those of inner rows. Within the intercropping system, both maize and soybean demonstrated lower canopy light transmittance, LAI, and SPAD values compared with their monoculture counterparts. Maize canopy light transmittance, LAI, and SPAD values followed the consistent ranking: 4:4 pattern>4:2 pattern>6:4 pattern; soybean canopy light transmittance followed 4:4 pattern>6:4 pattern>4:2 pattern, while its LAI and SPAD values mirrored the ranking pattern observed in maize. Maize LAI was significantly influenced by row ratio configuration, whereas no significant inter-row variations were detected for maize SPAD values or for soybean LAI and SPAD values. In evaluations of economic returns and intercropping advantages, the 4:4 pattern configuration demonstrated superior performance, achieving the highest values for land equivalent ratio (LER), relative crowding coefficient (K), and economic benefits. Maize in intercropping exhibited higher LER and K values relative to soybean, with the maize competition ratio (CR_m) being significantly greater than that of soybean (CR_s) (CR_m>1, CR_s<1), demonstrating maize's competitive dominance in interspecific competition. 【Conclusion】 Although intercropping reduced per-plant dry matter accumulation, LAI, and SPAD values for both crops compared with monoculture, it significantly increased the land equivalent ratio (LER) and overall economic benefits. Under the experimental conditions, the 4:4 pattern exhibited more optimal canopy architecture, with maize demonstrating pronounced edge advantage. This system maintained maize yield while generating additional soybean income, thereby achieving the synergistic enhancement of total productivity and economic returns.

Key words: soybean-maize intercropping, row-ratio pattern, marginal effect, yield, economic efficiency

房健, 秦召纪, 于园园, 于宁宁, 赵斌, 刘鹏, 任佰朝, 张吉旺. 大豆玉米带状间作下不同行比配置对作物个体和群体产量及效益的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(23): 4841-4857.

FANG Jian, QIN ZhaoJi, YU YuanYuan, YU NingNing, ZHAO Bin, LIU Peng, REN BaiZhao, ZHANG JiWang. Impacts of Varying Row Ratio Arrangements on Plant Performance, Stand Yield, and Comprehensive Benefits in Soybean-Maize Strip intercropping[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(23): 4841-4857.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment		玉米公顷穗数/大豆公顷株数 Ear number(ears/hm²)/plant number (plants/hm²)	玉米穗粒数/大豆株粒数 Grains per ear/grains per plant	玉米千粒重/大豆百粒重 1000-grain weight (g)/100-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	总产量 Total yield (kg·hm^-2)
2022	玉米 Maize	4﹕2	63630	528ab	341.21a	11464b	13599
		6﹕4	62790	517b	341.72a	11093c	13565
		4﹕4	64230	535a	340.76a	11710a	13956
	大豆 Soybean	4﹕2	115335	83b	22.21b	2135c	-
		6﹕4	115335	93a	23.13a	2472a	-
		4﹕4	116310	86b	22.54b	2246b	-
2023	玉米 Maize	4﹕2	61395	529b	381.68b	12396c	14431
		6﹕4	60840	518c	380.33b	11986d	14303
		4﹕4	62460	532b	384.52b	12777b	14834
		MCK	63645	581a	395.40a	14621a	14621
	大豆 Soybean	4﹕2	123750	61c	26.95b	2034b	-
		6﹕4	123990	71b	26.32c	2317b	-
		4﹕4	115080	66c	27.08b	2057b	-
		SCK	193620	87a	27.75a	4674a	4674

处理 Treatment			玉米公顷穗数/大豆公顷株数 Ear number(ears/hm²)/ plant number (plants/hm²)	玉米穗粒数/大豆株粒数 Grains per ear/grains per plant	玉米千粒重/大豆百粒重 1000-grain weight (g)/100-grain weight (g)	公顷产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
玉米 Maize	4﹕2	B1	61395	529c	381.68b	12396c
	6﹕4	B1	62835	566b	392.39a	13955b
		B2	58845	471e	368.28c	10207d
	4﹕4	B1	65760	573ab	388.23ab	14629a
		B2	63930	492d	380.82b	11978c
	MCK		63645	581a	395.40a	14621a
大豆 Soybean	4﹕2	B1	121650	64c	27.16ab	2115bcd
		B2	125850	58c	26.73ab	1951d
	6﹕4	B1	120930	75b	26.90ab	2440 bc
		B2	124605	75b	26.66ab	2491b
		B3	126450	61c	25.40b	1959d
	4﹕4	B1	112875	68bc	27.05ab	2076cd
		B2	117270	64c	27.11ab	2035d
	SCK		193620	87a	27.75a	4674a

间作方式 Intercropping pattern	土地当量比 Land equivalent ratio			相对拥挤系数 Relative crowding coefficient
间作方式 Intercropping pattern	LER_m	LER_s	LER	K_m	K_s	K
4﹕2	0.848b	0.435c	1.283a	1.320b	0.183b	0.241d
6﹕4	0.820b	0.496b	1.316a	1.119c	0.242b	0.271c
4﹕4	0.874b	0.440c	1.314a	1.729a	0.196b	0.339b
MCK	1.000a	-	1.000b	1.000d	-	1.000a
SCK	-	1.00a	1.000b	-	1.000a	1.000a

间作方式 Intercropping pattern	侵占力Aggressivity		竞争比Competitive ratio
间作方式 Intercropping pattern	A_m	A_s	CR_m	CR_s
4﹕2	0.060c	-0.119b	3.099a	0.323c
6﹕4	0.079b	-0.079c	2.132b	0.469b
4﹕4	0.244a	-0.244a	1.829c	0.547a

年份 Year	处理Treatment	总收入 Total income (yuan/hm²)	投入 Input (yuan/hm²)							净收入 Net income (yuan/hm²)
年份 Year	处理Treatment	总收入 Total income (yuan/hm²)	机械Machinery	大豆种子Soybean seed	玉米种子Maize seed	肥料Fertilizer	人工Artificial	农药 Pesticide	总和 Sum	净收入 Net income (yuan/hm²)
2022	4﹕2	38227a	2100	1200	975	2550	1125	1500	9450	28777ab
	6﹕4	39158a	2100	1200	975	2550	1125	1500	9450	29708ab
	4﹕4	39395a	2100	1200	975	2550	1125	1500	9450	29945a
2023	4﹕2	39868a	2250	1200	975	2670	1200	1425	9720	30148ab
	6﹕4	40420a	2250	1200	975	2670	1200	1425	9720	30700a
	4﹕4	40883a	2250	1200	975	2670	1200	1425	9720	31163a
	MCK	34213b	1800	-	975	2100	640	975	6490	27723b
	SCK	24959c	1800	1200	-	600	800	1200	5600	19359c