加气滴灌下施氮对番茄水力特性和光合能力的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.11.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究加气滴灌下水氮耦合对番茄产量和水分利用效率（WUE）的影响，为西北地区番茄种植提供科学的水氮管理依据。【方法】于2023年和2024年进行两茬温室试验，通过微纳米气泡发生装置在加气滴灌下设置W1（50% ET_C）、W2（75% ET_C）和W3（100% ET_C）3个灌水水平（ET_C为实际作物蒸发蒸腾量），N1（0）、N2（150 kg·hm^-2）和N3（250 kg·hm^-2）3个施氮水平，以传统滴灌下W3（100% ET_C）N3（250 kg·hm^-2）作为对照处理（CK），研究其对番茄土壤含水量、水力特性、光合特性和产量的影响。【结果】加气滴灌促进了番茄对土壤水分的吸收利用，改善了植株水力特性和叶片光合特性，使产量和水分利用效率分别提高1.21%—1.84%和1.84%—2.25%。加气滴灌下，优化水氮管理可进一步促进番茄生长和产量提高。土壤含水量随灌水量的增加而增加但随施氮量的增加而降低，在W3N1处理达到最大值，较其他处理提高0.31%—19.37%；番茄茎水势、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）均随灌水量和施氮量的增加而增加，分别在W3N3和W2N3处理达到最大值，较其他处理提高0.95%—104.86%；木质部导水率损失值（PLC）随灌水量和施氮量的增加而降低，在W3N3处理降至最小值，较其他处理降低11.27%—69.24%。亏缺灌溉下施氮缓解了番茄植株的水分胁迫，且亏缺灌溉W2下土壤含水量、茎水势、PLC、Pn、Gs和SPAD的改善效果较W1显著提高17.37%—21.16%。春夏茬和秋冬茬番茄产量均在W2N3处理达到最大值，两茬番茄WUE分别在W2N3和W1N3处理达到最大，秋冬茬W1N3处理WUE较W2N3提高1.02%，但产量大幅降低15.25%。通过路径分析发现，加气滴灌下土壤含水量对产量的直接效应系数为0.439，而土壤含水量通过茎水势、PLC、Pn和Gs对产量的间接效应系数分别为0.952、0.852、0.582和0.494。【结论】加气滴灌下施氮可改善不同灌水条件下番茄的水力特性，增强叶片光合能力，进而提高番茄产量。综合考虑产量和水分利用效率，西北地区番茄的适宜灌水量和施氮量分别为75% ET_C和250 kg·hm^-2。

关键词: 加气滴灌, 施氮, 水力特性, 光合能力, 番茄, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of water and nitrogen coupling on tomato yield and water use efficiency (WUE) under aerated drip irrigation, and to provide a scientific basis for water and nitrogen management for tomato cultivation in Northwest China.【Method】 Two greenhouse experiments were carried out in 2023 and 2024, and three irrigation levels W1 (50% ET_C), W2 (75% ET_C) and W3 (100% ET_C) were set under aerated drip irrigation with micro and nano bubble generating devices (ET_C is the actual crop evaptranspiration). Three nitrogen application levels were N1 (0), N2 (150 kg·hm^-2) and N3 (250 kg·hm^-2), and W3 (100% ET_C) N3 (250 kg·hm^-2) under traditional drip irrigation was used as control treatment (CK). The effects on soil moisture content, hydraulic characteristics, photosynthetic characteristics and yield of tomato were studied.【Result】 Aerated drip irrigation promoted the uptake and utilization of soil water in tomato, improved plant hydraulic characteristics and leaf photosynthetic characteristics, and increased yield and WUE by 1.21% to 1.84% and 1.84% to 2.25%, respectively. Optimized water and nitrogen management under aerated drip irrigation could further promote tomato growth and yield. Soil moisture content increased with increasing irrigation but decreased with increasing nitrogen application, reaching a maximum in the W3N1 treatment, which was 0.31% to 19.37% higher than other treatments; tomato stem water potential, Pn, Gs, and SPAD all increased with increasing irrigation and nitrogen application, reaching maximum values in the W3N3 and W2N3 treatments, respectively, and increasing by 0.95% to 104.86% compared with other treatments. PLC decreased with the increase of irrigation water and N application and decreased to the minimum value in W3N3 treatment, which was 11.27% to 69.24% lower than other treatments. Nitrogen application under deficit irrigation alleviated water stress in tomato plants, and soil moisture content, stem water potential, PLC, Pn, Gs and SPAD were significantly improved by 17.37% to 21.16% under deficit irrigation W2 compared with W1. Yields of both spring-summer and autumn-winter tomato reached the maximum in the W2N3 treatment, WUE reached the maximum in the W2N3 and W1N3 treatments, respectively, and autumn-winter tomato WUE was increased by 1.02% in the W1N3 treatment compared with W2N3, but yield was significantly decreased by 15.25%. Path analysis revealed that the direct effect coefficient of soil moisture content on yield under aerated drip irrigation was 0.439, while the indirect effect coefficients of soil moisture content on yield through stem water potential, PLC, Pn and Gs were 0.952, 0.852, 0.582 and 0.494, respectively.【Conclusion】 Nitrogen application under aerated drip irrigation can improve the hydraulic characteristics of tomato under different irrigation conditions, enhance the photosynthetic capacity of leaves, and then improve the tomato yield. Considering the yield and WUE, the appropriate irrigation volume and nitrogen application rate for tomato in Northwest China are 75% ET_C and 250 kg·hm^-2, respectively.

Key words: aerated drip irrigation, nitrogen application, hydraulic characteristics, photosynthetic capacity, tomato, yield

李晓雁, 杜娅丹, 胡笑涛, 卢怡宁, 谷晓博. 加气滴灌下施氮对番茄水力特性和光合能力的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(11): 2225-2238.

LI XiaoYan, DU YaDan, HU XiaoTao, LU YiNing, GU XiaoBo. The Influence of Nitrogen Application Under Aerated Drip Irrigation on the Hydraulic Characteristics and Photosynthetic Capacity of Tomato[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(11): 2225-2238.

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	处理 Treatment	果数 Fruit number		单果重 Single fruit weight (g)	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)	水分利用效率 WUE (kg·m^-3)
春夏茬Spring-summer tomato	W1N1	14.89±1.76d		93.80±7.96e	66.46±3.01f	35.32±1.60d
	W1N2	16.44±1.67bcd		103.98±11.23cde	81.31±2.20de	44.20±1.19b
	W1N3	17.00±1.73abc		115.39±13.26bc	93.17±2.14c	51.09±1.18a
	W2N1	16.33±1.50bcd		100.61±6.88de	78.48±3.02e	35.31±1.36d
	W2N2	17.44±2.66abc		114.64±17.59bc	94.05±2.89c	43.00±1.32bc
	W2N3	17.00±1.87abc		137.48±11.65a	111.30±4.15a	52.05±1.94a
	W3N1	15.44±1.59cd		111.59±9.47bcd	82.11±2.44d	34.13±1.01d
	W3N2	18.67±2.18a		112.89±11.78bcd	100.12±3.91b	41.61±1.63c
	W3N3	17.67±1.73ab		121.73±11.36b	102.42±2.11b	42.57±0.88c
	CK	18.00±2.24ab		118.76±15.66b	101.19±3.90b	41.80±1.61c
秋冬茬Autumn-winter tomato	W1N1	14.22±0.83g		116.63±6.54d	79.42±2.18g	50.27±1.38d
	W1N2	15.89±1.36def		122.79±10.27cd	93.10±3.67ef	59.39±2.34b
	W1N3	16.11±1.27cde		127.33±10.45bc	97.94±3.04cd	63.25±1.97a
	W2N1	15.33±1.19ef		123.37±9.95cd	90.35±2.48f	48.90±1.34d
	W2N2	16.33±0.87bcde		127.50±7.58bc	99.82±5.61c	54.52±3.07c
	W2N3	17.00±1.22abcd		142.24±11.22a	115.56±4.79a	62.61±2.59a
	W3N1	14.89±1.17fg		134.44±10.23ab	95.59±1.93de	48.84±0.99d
	W3N2	17.11±0.78abc		126.40±9.81bcd	103.65±6.91b	52.72±3.51c
	W3N3	17.56±1.24a		126.24±10.21bcd	105.89±3.81b	54.10±1.95c
	CK	17.44±0.88ab		124.51±7.60bcd	103.98±1.79b	52.91±0.91c
	显著性分析（F值）Significance analysis (F value)
春夏茬Spring-summer tomato	A		ns	ns	ns	ns
	N		515.76***	8.18**	24.69***	642.65***
	W		199.29***	ns	9.26***	74.96***
	N×W		15.83***	ns	2.86*	29.35***
秋冬茬Autumn-winter tomato	A		ns	ns	ns	ns
	N		140.41***	26.96**	4.58*	163.96***
	W		77.77***	7.48**	6.34**	47.96***
	N×W		11.03***	ns	5.15**	12.92***