冬闲杂草还田对水稻光合物质生产和产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.04.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究不同有机物料还田对籼型三系杂交稻群体光合物质生产和产量形成的影响，以期为秸秆资源合理利用、提高水稻产量提供理论依据。【方法】于2022—2023年在湖南省岳阳市麻塘镇进行大田试验，以当地生产上推广面积较大的杂交稻品种川种优464为供试材料，设置常规氮肥（N）、水稻秸秆还田+常规氮肥（RN）、油菜秸秆还田+常规氮肥（ON）、紫云英还田+常规氮肥（MN）、冬闲杂草还田+常规氮肥（WN），以不施氮肥不还田为对照（CK），共计6个处理。在不同秸秆还田模式下，测定水稻各生育时期的茎蘖动态、叶面积指数、地上部干物质积累量、齐穗期剑叶SPAD值、净光合速率、产量及产量构成。【结果】与N处理相比，在产量及产量构成方面，WN处理的单位面积有效穗数、总颖花量和产量分别显著提高13.65%、16.85%和9.65%，每穗粒数和粒重略有增加，结实率出现降低，但差异不显著；在光合物质生产特性方面，WN处理茎蘖成穗率显著提高13.08%，齐穗期剑叶SPAD、净光合速率和气孔导度分别显著提高3.57%、9.16%和16.68%，成熟期地上部干物质积累量显著提高13.79%，齐穗至成熟期光合势、群体生长率和地上部干物质积累量分别显著提高9.20%、33.12%和33.21%，收获指数显著提高12.31%。另外，叶面积指数、净同化率、齐穗后叶片和茎鞘的输出量与输出率也呈增加趋势。相关分析结果表明，剑叶SPAD值、净光合速率、气孔导度与有效穗数、每穗粒数、总颖花量、产量呈显著正相关关系。【结论】冬闲杂草还田可改善水稻齐穗期光合特性，增强齐穗后光合物质生产能力，促进花后干物质积累，优化群体质量。同时，通过提高茎蘖成穗率，构建单位面积适宜穗数，增加总颖花量，从而获得高产。

关键词: 冬闲杂草, 叶面积指数, 干物质积累, 光合特性, 产量, 水稻

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the effects of different organic materials returning to the field on photosynthetic matter production and yield formation in an indica three-line hybrid rice population, to provide a theoretical basis for the rational utilization of straw resources and the improvement of rice yield. 【Method】 A field experiment was conducted in Matang Town, Yueyang City, Hunan Province, China from 2022 to 2023. Chuanzhongyou 464, a widely cultivated hybrid rice variety, was used as the test material. Six treatments were designed, including conventional nitrogen fertilizer (N), rice straw returning+conventional nitrogen fertilizer (RN), rape straw returning+conventional nitrogen fertilizer (ON), Chinese milk vetch returning+conventional nitrogen fertilizer (MN), fallow weed returning+conventional nitrogen fertilizer (WN), and no nitrogen fertilizer and no straw returning as control (CK). At various growth stages, the tiller dynamics, leaf area index, aboveground dry matter accumulation, SPAD value of flag leaves at heading stage, net photosynthetic rate, and yield and yield components of rice were measured under different modes of straw returning to the field. 【Result】Compared with N treatment, the effective panicles per hm², total spikelets per hm², and grain yield under WN treatment increased significantly by 13.65%, 16.85%, and 9.65%, respectively. There was a slight increase in spikelets per panicle and grain weight, while the seed setting rate decreased, but the difference was not significant. In terms of photosynthetic matter production characteristics, under WN treatment, the percentage of productive tiller increased significantly by 13.08%, and the SPAD value in the flag leaf, net photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance of flag leaves at heading stage were enhanced significantly by 3.57%, 9.16%, and 16.68%, respectively. Meanwhile, the dry matter accumulation in the aboveground part measured at mature stage increased by 13.79%, photosynthetic potential, crop growth rate, and dry matter accumulation in the aboveground part from heading to mature stage increased by 9.20%, 33.12%, and 33.21%, respectively, and the harvest index improved by 12.31%. In addition, the leaf area index, net assimilation rate, post-heading leaf and stem sheath output and export rate also showed an increase trend. Correlation analysis results indicated that leaf SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance significantly and positively correlated with effective panicles per hm², spikelets per panicle, total spikelets per hm², and grain yield. 【Conclusion】Fallow weeds returning to the field improved the photosynthetic characteristics of the rice at heading stage, enhanced the production capacity of photosynthetic matter after heading, promoted dry matter accumulation after heading stage, and optimized population quality. Simultaneously, by increasing the ratio of productive tiller, the suitable effective panicles per hm² were constructed and the total spikelets per·hm² increased, it thereby achieved higher grain yield.

Key words: fallow weed, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic characteristics, yield, rice

陈鸽, 谷雨, 文炯, 傅岳峰, 何兮, 李薇, 周峻宇, 刘琼峰, 吴海勇. 冬闲杂草还田对水稻光合物质生产和产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(4): 647-659.

CHEN Ge, GU Yu, WEN Jiong, FU YueFeng, HE Xi, LI Wei, ZHOU JunYu, LIU QiongFeng, WU HaiYong. Effects of Fallow Weeds Returning to the Field on Photosynthetic Matter Production and Yield of Rice[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(4): 647-659.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Panicle (×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	总颖花量 Total spikelets (×10⁸·hm^-2)	结实率 Filled grain rate (%)	粒重 Grain weight (mg)	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)
2022	CK	195.00±11.79c	172.33±6.66b	3.37±0.33c	84.23±0.47a	24.21±0.41a	6.58±0.50c
	N	211.33±15.69bc	187.33±4.51a	3.96±0.32b	84.22±0.18a	23.98±0.36a	7.56±0.34b
	RN	223.00±9.54ab	195.67±8.96a	4.37±0.37ab	83.62±0.24a	24.67±0.02a	7.92±0.18ab
	ON	235.00±18.03ab	183.67±4.51ab	4.32±0.33ab	83.12±1.10a	24.01±0.28a	8.17±0.39ab
	MN	231.33±12.66ab	194.00±13.45a	4.48±0.25ab	83.46±0.76a	24.59±0.17a	8.02±0.54ab
	WN	243.67±15.04a	190.67±5.51a	4.65±0.36a	83.40±0.53a	24.43±0.84a	8.38±0.39a
2023	CK	193.17±13.01c	169.33±4.73b	3.27±0.16c	84.00±0.51a	24.14±0.34a	6.36±0.37c
	N	218.33±9.39b	179.67±6.81ab	3.93±0.31b	83.89±0.50a	24.23±0.38a	7.81±0.39b
	RN	227.50±11.76ab	191.33±10.21a	4.35±0.14ab	83.29±0.72a	24.39±0.14a	8.07±0.39ab
	ON	231.67±19.42ab	190.67±3.79a	4.42±0.29a	83.57±0.33a	24.32±0.16a	8.01±0.43ab
	MN	237.67±11.07ab	193.67±12.06a	4.59±0.14a	83.78±0.76a	24.20±0.52a	8.35±0.15ab
	WN	244.50±13.08a	187.67±3.79a	4.57±0.30a	83.55±1.07a	24.26±0.16a	8.47±0.40a
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)		0.24	0.65	0.10	0.03	0.18	0.31
处理 Treatment (T)		9.86**	7.43**	16.80**	1.62	1.05	18.57**
年份×处理 Y×T		0.15	0.65	0.14	0.45	0.78	0.46

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	茎蘖数 Number of tillers and mail stems (per·m^-2)				茎蘖成穗率 Productive tillers (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	分蘖中期 Mid-tillering	拔节期 Jointing	齐穗期 Heading	成熟期 Maturity	茎蘖成穗率 Productive tillers (%)
2022	CK	100.50±6.38c	301.33±16.50c	205.92±8.04c	195.00±11.79c	64.70±0.38b
	N	148.00±15.02a	390.17±20.13a	220.33±13.80bc	211.33±15.69bc	54.24±5.19c
	RN	140.33±17.51a	334.17±18.76b	237.67±7.02ab	223.00±9.54ab	66.77±0.91ab
	ON	113.17±9.36bc	317.50±17.50bc	244.20±16.54a	235.00±18.03ab	74.28±8.59a
	MN	143.83±9.87a	341.67±20.05b	239.00±12.12ab	231.33±12.66ab	67.77±3.15ab
	WN	135.00±12.50ab	347.00±8.32b	250.00±13.53a	243.67±15.04a	70.18±2.78ab
2023	CK	103.33±9.46c	306.67±9.00c	205.33±13.20c	193.17±13.01c	62.98±3.65bc
	N	157.33±21.05a	371.33±28.44a	224.00±8.19bc	218.33±9.39b	58.99±4.53c
	RN	148.83±17.65ab	341.83±20.25ab	233.67±12.74ab	227.50±11.76ab	66.58±1.64ab
	ON	125.00±9.01bc	328.67±9.00bc	243.00±14.18ab	231.67±19.42ab	70.44±4.61a
	MN	145.83±12.58ab	348.00±21.02ab	250.00±16.46a	237.67±11.07ab	68.35±2.32ab
	WN	151.83±7.91a	357.67±15.33ab	255.67±10.97a	244.50±13.08a	68.34±1.38ab
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)		3.84	0.39	0.32	0.24	0.08
处理 Treatment (T)		13.40^**	12.74^**	11.38^**	10.12^**	11.59^**
年份×处理 Y×T		0.27	0.59	0.28	0.15	0.84

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	叶面积指数 Leaf area index				叶面积指数衰减幅度 Decreasing rate of LAI (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	分蘖中期 Mid-tillering	拔节期 Jointing	齐穗期 Heading	成熟期 Maturity	叶面积指数衰减幅度 Decreasing rate of LAI (%)
2022	CK	1.30±0.05b	2.94±0.41b	4.66±0.40c	1.43±0.07d	69.25±1.65a
	N	1.40±0.05ab	3.75±0.12a	5.90±0.35b	2.09±0.09bc	64.44±2.56bc
	RN	1.40±0.07ab	3.88±0.21a	5.66±0.23b	2.18±0.11ab	61.46±2.11c
	ON	1.61±0.20a	4.13±0.36a	6.04±0.51ab	1.96±0.09c	67.42±1.80ab
	MN	1.49±0.17ab	4.08±0.04a	6.03±0.14ab	2.13±0.04b	64.71±1.34bc
	WN	1.57±0.23a	4.12±0.24a	6.62±0.33a	2.30±0.06a	65.15±2.58b
2023	CK	1.29±0.06c	3.02±0.30c	4.89±0.18b	1.48±0.10c	69.68±3.04a
	N	1.52±0.19abc	3.83±0.10b	6.15±0.19a	1.97±0.11b	67.94±1.06ab
	RN	1.64±0.06ab	4.23±0.04ab	6.33±0.24a	2.24±0.04a	64.64±0.88c
	ON	1.46±0.08bc	4.15±0.07ab	6.21±0.46a	2.14±0.10a	65.45±1.83bc
	MN	1.77±0.21a	4.03±0.17ab	6.36±0.07a	2.28±0.08a	64.19±1.46c
	WN	1.67±0.26ab	4.29±0.49a	6.48±0.19a	2.19±0.07a	66.19±1.79bc
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)		3.62	1.58	6.23^*	1.46	2.12
处理 Treatment (T)		3.80^*	19.52^**	24.03^**	76.67^**	7.43^**
年份×处理 Y×T		1.61	0.44	1.08	3.50^*	1.79

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation (t·hm^-2)				收获指数 Harvest index (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	分蘖中期 Mid-tillering	拔节期 Jointing	齐穗期 Heading	成熟期 Maturity	收获指数 Harvest index (%)
2022	CK	0.59±0.02b	3.27±0.22c	8.88±0.13d	13.60±0.84c	47.35±3.12c
	N	0.70±0.12ab	3.80±0.12b	9.16±0.09c	14.05±0.18c	48.09±0.98bc
	RN	0.79±0.02a	3.96±0.18ab	9.39±0.23bc	16.24±0.53a	53.88±2.08a
	ON	0.72±0.05a	3.87±0.10b	9.32±0.10bc	14.77±0.52bc	50.69±0.64abc
	MN	0.78±0.06a	4.23±0.23a	9.79±0.16a	15.56±0.88ab	52.00±3.35ab
	WN	0.76±0.09a	3.91±0.09b	9.50±0.03b	15.97±0.87ab	54.47±2.26a
2023	CK	0.64±0.10c	3.49±0.22d	8.86±0.15c	13.42±0.17d	46.33±1.53c
	N	0.69±0.07bc	3.71±0.10cd	9.22±0.11b	14.38±1.05cd	49.64±2.58bc
	RN	0.83±0.06a	4.32±0.32a	9.53±0.15a	16.05±0.19ab	50.54±1.48bc
	ON	0.72±0.07abc	3.86±0.18bcd	9.41±0.23ab	15.03±0.76bc	50.67±4.17b
	MN	0.83±0.07a	3.94±0.13abc	9.59±0.15a	16.06±0.73ab	52.98±1.59ab
	WN	0.77±0.02ab	4.18±0.26ab	9.46±0.10ab	16.38±0.08a	55.27±1.52a
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)		0.90	1.46	0.02	0.72	0.31
处理 Treatment (T)		6.18**	12.88**	22.39**	16.49**	8.66**
年份×处理 Y×T		0.19	2.36	1.04	0.31	1.04

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	移栽期—分蘖中期 TR-MT		分蘖中期—拔节期 MT-JT		拔节期—齐穗期 JT-HD		齐穗期—成熟期 HD-MA
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	积累量 Accumulation (t·hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	积累量 Accumulation (t·hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	积累量 Accumulation (t·hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	积累量 Accumulation (t·hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)
2022	CK	0.59±0.02b	4.39	2.67±0.21c	19.66	5.61±0.22a	41.37	4.72±0.71c	34.58
	N	0.70±0.12ab	4.96	3.10±0.02b	22.04	5.36±0.07a	38.18	4.89±0.20c	34.81
	RN	0.79±0.02a	4.87	3.17±0.16b	19.51	5.43±0.15a	33.44	6.85±0.38a	42.18
	ON	0.72±0.05a	4.88	3.15±0.08b	21.33	5.44±0.02a	36.89	5.46±0.43bc	36.90
	MN	0.78±0.06a	5.01	3.45±0.20a	22.15	5.56±0.08a	35.85	5.77±0.75abc	36.98
	WN	0.76±0.09a	4.81	3.15±0.01b	19.74	5.59±0.07a	35.06	6.47±0.89ab	40.39
2023	CK	0.64±0.10c	4.78	2.85±0.12c	21.21	5.37±0.34a	40.03	4.56±0.22c	33.98
	N	0.69±0.07bc	4.8	3.02±0.17bc	21.13	5.51±0.20a	38.43	5.16±1.07c	35.64
	RN	0.83±0.06a	5.18	3.49±0.33a	21.71	5.22±0.41a	32.52	6.52±0.33ab	40.59
	ON	0.72±0.07abc	4.81	3.14±0.22abc	20.92	5.55±0.36a	37.03	5.62±0.97bc	37.25
	MN	0.83±0.07a	5.17	3.11±0.19abc	19.38	5.65±0.21a	35.22	6.47±0.66ab	40.23
	WN	0.77±0.02ab	4.71	3.41±0.25ab	20.83	5.28±0.19a	32.24	6.92±0.12a	42.23
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)		0.31	0.95	0.28	0.88	0.08	0.89	1.24	0.71
处理 Treatment (T)		9.19^**	6.58^**	0.83	7.78^**	0.81	1.00	8.93^**	10.76^**
年份×处理 Y×T		1.10	0.19	0.33	2.61	3.00^*	1.18	0.33	0.53