稻田甲烷不完全源于水稻种植的人为贡献

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.04.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

温室气体排放清单编制是针对人为排放，因此国际公认的方法学在核算农田氧化亚氮和受淹地甲烷（CH₄）排放时，都扣除了其自然背景排放。但是，在稻田温室气体排放核算中，却将稻田CH₄全部计量为水稻种植的人为贡献。为此，作者结合实证研究总结、文献综合分析及模型模拟估算，从稻田起源及稻作历史、CH₄排放影响因子以及清单编制的核算方法等方面进行深入剖析，区分并估算了我国稻田CH₄排放的自然与人为贡献。分析发现，稻田兼有湿地和耕地双重属性，其CH₄应该包括自然和人为排放两部分，不能全归咎于人为水稻种植。稻田排放的CH₄约为周边湿地的72.2%—123.6%，低洼地与沼泽地等开垦为稻田不仅没有增加，甚至降低了CH₄排放。全球湿地修复实践也证明，类似稻田地下水埋深（0—20 cm）的水分管理模式利于湿地CH₄减排、土壤固碳及生物多样性保护，表明湿地稻作兼顾了粮食安全与气候友好。机器学习模型估算发现，我国稻田CH₄的自然排放占其总排放36%以上，不可忽视。因此，在稻田CH₄排放清单编制时，应该参照联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）对农田氧化亚氮和受淹地CH₄等排放核算方法，扣除自然背景排放。作为负责任的世界水稻生产大国，我们应该在CH₄排放清单编制以及减排行动上积极发声，倡议方法学更新与数据升级。今后需要加强稻田CH₄自然排放的基础研究，通过更新核算方法来确保排放清单编制的科学性。其次要实地监测与模型估算等结合，进行数据收集和升级，以降低排放清单及核算的不确定性。另外，还要强化国际合作交流，提升我国及世界水稻主产区在稻田CH₄排放核算方法及清单编制标准制定上的国际影响力，科学公平地推进稻田减排固碳行动。

关键词: 水稻生产, 稻田, 湿地, 甲烷, 排放清单, 减排固碳

Abstract:

Greenhouse gas emission inventories specifically target anthropogenic components. Consequently, internationally recognized accounting methodologies deduct natural background emissions when quantifying nitrous oxide from croplands and methane (CH₄) from flooded lands. However, in compiling paddy CH₄ emission inventories, the entirety of CH₄ emitted from rice paddies is currently accounted for as anthropogenic contribution from rice cultivation. Here, through synthesis of empirical research, meta-analysis of published literatures, and model simulations, we analyzed the origins and cultivation history of rice paddies in China, key drivers of CH₄ emissions, and fundamental accounting methodologies used in inventory compilation. The goal was to isolate and estimate the natural and anthropogenic contributions to CH₄ emissions from rice paddies in China. Our results reveal that rice paddies possess dual attributes of both wetlands and croplands. Their CH₄ emissions comprise both natural and anthropogenic components and should not be wholly attributed to human activities. Paddy CH₄ emissions were found to be approximately 72.2% to 123.6% of those from their adjacent natural wetlands, indicating that converting low-lying lands and marshes to rice cultivation does not necessarily increase CH₄ emissions. Global wetland restoration practices further demonstrate that water management regimes mimicking paddy field conditions during the growing season (groundwater depth 0-20 cm) optimally balance CH₄ mitigation with soil carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation, underscoring the rice cultivation potential as a climate-smart land-use practice. Estimates based on machine learning models suggest that natural emissions constitute more than 36% of total paddy CH₄ fluxes, a proportion too significant to ignore. Therefore, analogous to the IPCC accounting methodologies for nitrous oxide from croplands and CH₄ from flooded lands, natural background emissions should be deducted when compiling paddy CH₄ inventories. As a responsible global leader in rice production, China should proactively shape international discourse on CH₄ inventory compilation and mitigation strategies. We propose initiating methodological updates and foundational data enhancement by: (1) Strengthening theoretical research to refine accounting methodologies and ensure scientific rigor in inventories; (2) Enhancing foundational data collection through intensified in-situ monitoring and improved model estimation to reduce inventory uncertainty; and (3) Fostering international collaboration and exchange to elevate the influence of China and other major rice-producing nations in shaping global standards for paddy CH₄ accounting and inventory compilation, thereby synergistically advancing carbon mitigation and sequestration actions in rice ecosystems.

Key words: rice production, paddy field, wetland, methane, emission inventory, carbon emission mitigation and sequestration

张卫建, 严圣吉, 尚子吟, 唐志伟, 吴柳格, 李佳锐, 陈浩天, 邓艾兴, 张俊, 张鑫, 郑成岩, 宋振伟. 稻田甲烷不完全源于水稻种植的人为贡献[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(4): 824-833.

ZHANG WeiJian, YAN ShengJi, SHANG ZiYin, TANG ZhiWei, WU LiuGe, LI JiaRui, CHEN HaoTian, DENG AiXing, ZHANG Jun, ZHANG Xin, ZHENG ChengYan, SONG ZhenWei. Methane Emissions from Paddy Fields: Not Entirely Attributable to Rice Cultivation[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(4): 824-833.

图/表 1

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