无人化旱直播模式对水稻产量、品质和经济效益的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.17.004

中国农业科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (17): 3350-3365.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.17.004

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

无人化旱直播模式对水稻产量、品质和经济效益的影响

翁文安¹(), 邢志鹏¹, 胡群¹, 魏海燕¹, 史扬杰², 奚小波², 李秀丽³, 刘桂云³, 陈娟³, 袁风萍³, 孟轶¹, 廖萍¹(), 高辉¹, 张洪程¹()

¹ 扬州大学/江苏省作物栽培生理重点实验室/江苏省粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心/水稻产业工程技术研究院，江苏扬州 225009
² 扬州大学机械工程学院，江苏扬州 225009
³ 大中农场集团有限公司农业科技研究所，江苏大丰 224135

收稿日期:2024-01-25 接受日期:2024-07-17 出版日期:2024-09-01 发布日期:2024-09-04
通信作者:
廖萍，E-mail：p.liao@yzu.edu.cn
张洪程，E-mail：hczhang@yzu.edu.cn
联系方式: 翁文安，E-mail：dx120220122@stu.yzu.edu.cn。
基金资助:
江苏省重点研发计划(BE2022338); 江苏省学位与研究生教育教学改革课题(KYCX23_3574)

Effects of Unmanned Dry Direct-Seeded Mode on Yield, Grain Quality of Rice and Its Economic Benefits

WENG WenAn¹(), XING ZhiPeng¹, HU Qun¹, WEI HaiYan¹, SHI YangJie², XI XiaoBo², LI XiuLi³, LIU GuiYun³, CHEN Juan³, YUAN FengPing³, MENG Yi¹, LIAO Ping¹(), GAO Hui¹, ZHANG HongCheng¹()

¹ Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu
² College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu
³ Agricultural Science and Technology Research Institute of Jiangsu Dazhong Farm Group Co., Ltd., Dafeng 224135, Jiangsu

Received:2024-01-25 Accepted:2024-07-17 Published:2024-09-01 Online:2024-09-04

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】为创新水稻绿色丰产优质高效的无人化旱直播栽培技术提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】于2020-2022年连续3年，以中熟中粳优质稻南粳5718为材料，以无人化毯苗机插和常规毯苗机插为对照，对3种栽培方式下水稻生育进程、产量形成、稻米品质特征和经济效益进行比较研究。【结果】（1）小麦收获后，较对照提前2—3 d进行无人化旱直播，水稻全生育期将缩短12—13 d，其中播种至拔节阶段生育期缩短是全生育期缩短的主要原因。（2）2020—2022年，无人化旱直播水稻年平均产量为10.5 t·hm^-2，与常规毯苗机插相比增产3.0%,但二者差异不显著；与无人化毯苗机插相比，显著减产5.4%，减产的主要原因是每穗粒数减少导致总颖花量的减少，以及抽穗至成熟阶段干物质积累和转运能力下降。（3）与常规毯苗机插相比，无人化旱直播水稻加工品质、直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量均降低但差异不显著；垩白粒率和垩白度显著降低；食味值增加但差异不显著。与无人化毯苗机插相比，无人化旱直播水稻整精米率、垩白粒率、垩白度和直链淀粉含量均显著降低；蛋白质含量降低但差异不显著；RVA峰值黏度增高，食味值显著增加。（4）无人化旱直播模式下水稻种植成本降低，净收益较无人化毯苗机插和常规毯苗机插分别增加了1.15×10³和0.93×10³ 元/hm²。【结论】麦茬无人化旱直播可以实现水稻丰产与增收协同，同时改善了稻米外观品质和蒸煮食味品质，后续仍需进一步优化无人化旱直播栽培技术，以提高水稻群体颖花量，促进灌浆结实期干物质积累和各器官干物质向穗部转运，最终实现智慧化水稻丰产优质高效协同的目标。

关键词: 水稻, 无人化, 旱直播, 产量, 稻米品质, 经济效益

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to provide the theoretical and technical support for the innovation of green, high-yield, high-quality and high-efficiency unmanned dry direct-seeded (UDDS) cultivation technology of rice.【Method】Medium-maturing medium japonica rice (Nanjing 5718) was selected as the experimental material, with unmanned carpet seedling mechanical transplantated (UCSMT), and conventional carpet seedling mechanical transplantated (CSMT) serving as control methods. A three-year field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of UDDS on growth, yield formation, quality characteristics of rice, and its economic benefits.【Result】(1) Although UDDS was carried out with 2-3 days earlier than the control, it exhibited a full growth cycle that was 12-13 days shorter than those of UCSMT and CSMT, primarily due to the shortened period from sowing to jointing stage. (2) The average yield under UDDS from 2020 to 2022 was 10.5 t·hm^-2, representing a 3.0% increase than that of CSMT, although this difference was not statistically significant. In comparison with UCSMT, UDDS exhibited a significant yield reduction of 5.4%, and this decrease could be attributed to a reduction in the spikelet number per panicle, resulting in fewer total spikelet numbers and a decrease in dry matter accumulation and transport capacity from heading to maturity. (3) Compared with CSMT, UDDS exhibited slightly reduced processing quality, amylose, and protein contents, with no significant differences were observed. However, the significant reductions in chalkiness percentage and degree were noted, while the taste value increased, though not significantly. Compared with UCSMT, UDDS demonstrated a significant decrease in head milled rice rate, chalkiness percentage, degree, and amylose content, and protein content also decreased, though not significantly. Additionally, UDDS exhibited higher RVA peak viscosity and a significant improvement in taste value. (4) Under the UDDS mode, the cost of rice planting decreased, and the net income increased by 1.15 × 10³ yuan·hm^-2 and 0.93 × 10³ yuan·hm^-2, than that under UCSMT and CSMT, respectively.【Conclusion】In the rice-wheat rotation system, UDDS realized the synergy of high yield and income increase, and improved the appearance quality and cooking and eating quality of rice, the UDDS cultivation technology should be optimized in terms of improving the total spikelet number, accumulation and translocation of dry matter during filling stage, thereby getting the goals of high rice yield, great quality, and efficient synergy, simultaneously.

Key words: rice, unmanned, dry direct-seeded, grain yield, rice quality, economic benefit

翁文安, 邢志鹏, 胡群, 魏海燕, 史扬杰, 奚小波, 李秀丽, 刘桂云, 陈娟, 袁风萍, 孟轶, 廖萍, 高辉, 张洪程. 无人化旱直播模式对水稻产量、品质和经济效益的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(17): 3350-3365.

WENG WenAn, XING ZhiPeng, HU Qun, WEI HaiYan, SHI YangJie, XI XiaoBo, LI XiuLi, LIU GuiYun, CHEN Juan, YUAN FengPing, MENG Yi, LIAO Ping, GAO Hui, ZHANG HongCheng. Effects of Unmanned Dry Direct-Seeded Mode on Yield, Grain Quality of Rice and Its Economic Benefits[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(17): 3350-3365.

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年份 Year	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
2020	7.76	23.5	1.2	45.5	195.2
2021	7.74	25.4	1.3	42.1	203.1
2022	7.83	21.3	1.3	54.9	178.2

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	拔节期 Jointing (Month-Day)	抽穗期 Heading (Month-Day)	成熟期 Maturity (Month-Day)	播种期—拔节期 Seeding-Jointing (d)	拔节期—抽穗期 Jointing-Heading (d)	抽穗期—成熟期 Heading-Maturity (d)	全生育期 Total (d)
2020	T1	08-05	09-03	10-28	55	29	55	139
	T2	08-03	08-27	10-23	70	24	57	151
	T3	08-03	08-27	10-23	70	24	57	151
2021	T1	08-04	09-02	10-27	57	29	55	141
	T2	08-01	08-25	10-20	74	24	56	154
	T3	08-01	08-25	10-20	74	24	56	154
2022	T1	08-04	09-04	10-29	55	31	55	141
	T2	07-31	08-27	10-23	69	27	57	153
	T3	07-31	08-27	10-23	69	27	57	153

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗数 Panicle number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelet number per panicle	总颖花数 Total spikelet number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	结实率 Seed-setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)
2020	T1	348.0a	111.7b	38889.3ab	95.4b	28.8a	10.0b
	T2	302.5b	129.8a	39374.3a	97.9a	28.5a	10.5a
	T3	285.0c	131.0a	37856.0b	95.0b	28.4a	9.7b
2021	T1	360.2a	112.2b	40360.2b	97.9a	28.5a	11.2b
	T2	338.0ab	132.0a	44595.2a	94.7b	28.1a	11.8a
	T3	302.5b	133.9a	40504.4b	95.0b	28.1a	10.9b
2022	T1	380.0a	107.8b	40911.9b	95.2a	27.6a	10.2b
	T2	356.5b	125.1a	44547.9a	93.3a	27.2a	10.9a
	T3	309.0c	128.2a	39661.5b	92.6a	27.3a	9.9b
年份Year（Y）		**	NS	*	*	**	**
处理Treatment（T）		**	**	**	**	NS	**
Y×T		NS	NS	NS	**	NS	NS

生育时期 Growth stage	年份 Year	处理 Treatment	叶片 Leaf	茎鞘 Stem-sheath	穗 Panicle	总量 Total
抽穗期 Heading	2021	T1	4.08a	7.97a	1.60a	13.66a
		T2	4.32a	7.76b	1.66a	13.73a
		T3	4.24a	7.67b	1.67a	13.58a
	2022	T1	3.67b	7.62a	1.47b	12.76b
		T2	4.05a	7.62a	1.66a	13.33a
		T3	3.65b	7.39b	1.52b	12.56b
	年份Year（Y）		*	NS	*	**
	处理Treatment（T）		**	**	**	**
	Y×T		*	NS	*	**
成熟期 Maturity	2021	T1	3.06a	7.73a	11.09b	21.88b
		T2	3.19a	7.41b	12.20a	22.80a
		T3	3.12a	7.42b	11.02b	21.57b
	2022	T1	2.87b	7.47a	10.55b	20.89b
		T2	3.06a	7.26b	11.71a	22.02a
		T3	2.82b	7.11b	10.44b	20.37b
	年份Year（Y）		**	NS	*	**
	处理Treatment（T）		*	**	**	**
	Y×T		NS	NS	NS	NS

年份Year	处理Treatment	叶片Leaf		茎鞘Stem-sheath		穗部干物质增加量 Increase of dry matter in panicle (t·hm^-2)	干物质转运对穗部的贡献率 Contribution of dry matter translocation to panicle (%)
年份Year	处理Treatment	转运量 Translocation amount (t·hm^-2)	转运率Translocation rate (%)	转运量 Translocation amount (t·hm^-2)	转运率Translocation rate (%)
2021	T1	1.01a	24.88a	0.24a	3.03b	9.49b	13.26a
	T2	1.13a	26.01a	0.35a	4.50ab	10.54a	14.00a
	T3	1.11a	26.27a	0.39a	5.11a	9.34b	14.28a
2022	T1	0.80a	21.79a	0.15b	2.00a	9.08b	10.48b
	T2	0.99a	24.53a	0.36a	4.72a	10.02a	13.56a
	T3	0.73a	22.23a	0.28ab	3.74a	8.92b	11.65ab
年份Year（Y）		*	NS	NS	NS	*	*
处理Treatment（T）		NS	NS	*	*	**	*
Y×T		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

无人化旱直播模式对水稻产量、品质和经济效益的影响

Effects of Unmanned Dry Direct-Seeded Mode on Yield, Grain Quality of Rice and Its Economic Benefits

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	加工品质Processing quality			外观品质Appearance quality
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	糙米率 Brown rice rate (%)	精米率 Milled rice rate (%)	整精米率 Head milled rice rate (%)	长宽比 Length-width ratio	垩白粒率 Chalkiness percentage (%)	垩白度 Chalkiness degree (%)
2020	T1	84.3a	71.9a	67.5b	1.7a	16.1b	4.6b
	T2	83.9a	73.6a	69.8a	1.7a	31.2a	9.1a
	T3	84.6a	72.7a	68.4ab	1.7a	30.0a	7.8ab
2021	T1	85.3a	74.3a	69.7a	1.7a	21.5b	6.7b
	T2	86.3a	75.4a	71.6a	1.7a	34.5a	12.5a
	T3	85.5a	75.1a	71.0a	1.7a	32.4a	10.9a
2022	T1	84.1a	73.8a	68.1b	1.7a	8.6b	3.0b
	T2	84.5a	74.4a	70.1a	1.7a	27.6a	6.7a
	T3	84.4a	74.2a	69.5ab	1.7a	26.5a	6.6a
年份Year (Y)		NS	NS	*	NS	*	**
处理Treatment (T)		NS	NS	*	NS	**	**
Y×T		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	蛋白质含量 Protein content (%)	直链淀粉含量 Amylose content (%)	食味值 Taste value	食味特征值Taste value parameter
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	蛋白质含量 Protein content (%)	直链淀粉含量 Amylose content (%)	食味值 Taste value	外观 Appearance	硬度 Hardness	黏度 Viscosity	平衡度 Balance degree
2020	T1	7.6a	10.3ab	71.7a	6.6a	6.7a	7.5a	6.8a
	T2	8.0a	11.0a	68.0a	6.2a	6.8a	6.6b	6.3a
	T3	7.8a	9.6b	70.7a	6.5a	6.7a	7.0ab	6.7a
2021	T1	7.7a	10.4ab	71.3a	6.8a	6.6b	6.9a	6.8a
	T2	8.3a	11.6a	67.3b	5.7b	7.1a	5.7b	6.8a
	T3	8.1a	10.2b	69.3a	6.5a	6.7b	6.9a	6.5a
2022	T1	7.5a	10.1b	71.0a	6.6a	6.8b	6.7a	6.5a
	T2	7.9a	12.0a	64.5b	5.5b	7.2a	5.3b	6.7a
	T3	7.8a	9.8b	70.3a	6.5a	6.7b	7.0a	6.7a
年份Year (Y)		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	**	NS
处理Treatment (T)		NS	**	**	**	**	**	NS
Y×T		NS	NS	NS	NS	**	*	NS

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	峰值黏度 Peak viscosity	热浆黏度 Trough viscosity	最终黏度 Final viscosity	崩解值 Breakdown	消减值 Setback	回复值 Consistence
2020	T1	2922b	1751a	2296a	1172a	-688a	546a
	T2	2712c	1664a	2212a	1048a	-500a	548a
	T3	3066a	1577a	2558a	1039a	-508a	531a
2021	T1	3160b	1866a	2457a	1294a	-708a	591a
	T2	2972c	1689a	2322a	1302a	-650a	634a
	T3	3236a	1975a	2536a	1261a	-700a	561a
2022	T1	3695a	2003a	2719a	1693a	-976a	717a
	T2	3601a	2040a	2799a	1561a	-802a	759a
	T3	3701a	2007a	2699a	1636a	-943a	693a
年份Year (Y)		**	NS	*	**	*	**
处理Treatment (T)		**	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Y×T		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

处理Treatment	投入成本Cost
处理Treatment	种子 Seed	肥料 Fertilizer	植保 Plant protection	耕整地 Tillage	种植 Planting	收割 Harvest	人工 Labor	其他 Others	总计 Total	产量收益 Yield income	净收益 Net income
T1	0.60	4.50	2.18	0.00	0.45	1.13	2.48	4.25	15.57	28.35	12.78
T2	0.27	4.50	1.95	1.13	0.98	1.13	3.15	5.25	18.35	29.97	11.63
T3	0.27	1.73	1.95	1.13	1.10	1.13	3.15	5.25	15.69	27.54	11.85

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