中国农业科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (15): 3010-3022.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.15.008

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇    下一篇

土膜耕作法的土壤与作物效应研究

杨世琦(), 颜鑫, 韩钰   

  1. 中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所,北京 100081
  • 收稿日期:2023-09-27 接受日期:2023-11-18 出版日期:2024-08-05 发布日期:2024-08-05
  • 联系方式: 杨世琦,E-mail:shiqiyang@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(32372235)

Effects of Soil Film Tillage on Soil and Crop in Farmland

YANG ShiQi(), YAN Xin, HAN Yu   

  1. Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081
  • Received:2023-09-27 Accepted:2023-11-18 Published:2024-08-05 Online:2024-08-05

摘要:

目的】探索土膜耕作法对农田土壤水分、温度和养分变化的影响,揭示土膜对作物根系生长及产量效应,明确土膜的农业生产价值,为其应用提供理论依据与技术。【方法】 在宁夏引黄灌区通过喷施1.0%浓度羧甲基纤维素铵(carboxymethyl cellulose ammonium,CMC-NH4)水溶液促使土膜产生。设CMC-NH4用量0(CK)、50.0(T1)、100.0(T2)、200.0(T3)和300.0 kg·hm-2(T4)5个处理,开展春小麦-夏玉米复种下的土壤水分、温度、养分、微生物、作物根系及产量效应研究。【结果】喷施CMC-NH4的各处理春小麦和夏玉米田土壤日均含水量提高3.3%-7.0%(P<0.05,下同)和1.9%-6.1%,日平均温度提高7.9%-12.6%和5.6%-11.7%,土壤积温增加88.98-141.94 ℃和60.25-136.65 ℃;0-30 cm土层根长提高37.5%-17.1%和11.2%-1.7%,根表面积提高15.3%-4.5%和12.5%-9.2%,土层根系干重增加17.0%-41.5%和30.9%-36.7%;提高春小麦籽粒产量7.3%-18.8%和夏玉米地上部干重33.6%-49.0%,提高土壤氮磷钾含量和促进土壤微生物多样性增加。【结论】喷施CMC-NH4形成的土膜具有农田覆盖功能,能够改善土壤水热环境,促进作物养分吸收利用、根系生长、提高产量;土膜耕作法为构造“表实上虚下实”良好耕层结构提供了技术方法,对作物产能提升、农田土壤改良及农业高质量发展有支撑作用。宁夏引黄灌区CMC-NH4推荐喷施量为100.0 kg·hm-2

关键词: 土膜耕作法(土膜), 土壤, 作物, 效应, 羧甲基纤维素铵(CMC-NH4

Abstract:

Objective】To make clear the agricultural productive value of soil film tillage, the effects of soil film tillage on soil moisture, temperature and nutrient changes in farmland were explored, and the effects of soil film on crop root growth and yield were revealed too, so as to provide the theoretical basis and technical methods for the application of soil film.【Method】Soil film was induced by spraying a 1.0% concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose ammonium (CMC-NH4) aqueous solution, and the field experiment was conducted with five treatments, including 0 (CK), 50.0 (T1), 100.0 (T2), 200.0 (T3), and 300.0 kg·hm-2 (T4). The effects of CMC-NH4 application rate on soil moisture, temperature, nutrients, microorganisms, crop roots and yield in multiple cropping of spring wheat and summer maize were studied.【Result】Soil film treatment of spring wheat and summer maize could increase average daily soil moisture content by 3.3%-7.0% (P<0.05, the same as below) and 1.9%-6.1%, average daily temperature by 7.9%-12.6% and 5.6%-11.7%, contribution of soil accumulated temperature of growth period by 88.98-141.94 ℃ and 60.25-136.65 ℃, root length of 0-30 cm soil layer by 37.5%-17.1% and 11.2%-1.7%, root surface area of 0-30 cm soil layer by 15.3%-4.5% and 12.5%-9.2%, respectively, and root biomass (dry weight) in 0-30 cm soil layer were enhanced by 17.0%-41.5% and 30.9%-36.7%, respectively. Finally, the grain yield of spring wheat per unit area was increased by 7.3%-18.8% and above-ground dry weight of summer maize per unit area was increased by 33.6%-49.0%. and the soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content as well as soil microbial diversity were improved too. 【Conclusion】As a novel type of soil tillage, soil film had the function of farmland coverage, which greatly contributed to improve soil hydrothermal environment, and promote nutrient absorption and utilization, root growth and crop yield. At the same time, soil film produced the important technique and method to make the better plough layer structure that is “compact surface, loose top and tight bottom of plough layer”, which would support the improvement of crop productivity, farmland soil amendment and agricultural high-quality development. In this study, the recommended application rate was 100.0 kg·hm-2 in Ningxia Yellow River irrigation area.

Key words: soil film tillage (soil film), soil, crops, effects, carboxymethyl cellulose ammonium (CMC-NH4)