水田改旱地和菜地后红壤酸度和养分变化特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.03.008

中国农业科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (3): 525-538.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.03.008

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

水田改旱地和菜地后红壤酸度和养分变化特征

邱海华¹^,²(), 蒯磊鑫¹^,², 张璐¹^,², 刘立生¹^,², 文石林¹^,², 蔡泽江¹^,²()

¹ 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室，北京 100081
² 中国农业科学院衡阳红壤实验站/湖南祁阳农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站，湖南祁阳 426182

收稿日期:2023-03-09 接受日期:2023-06-16 出版日期:2024-02-01 发布日期:2024-02-05
通信作者:
蔡泽江，E-mail：caizejiang@caas.cn
联系方式: 邱海华，E-mail：q154361148@163.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(U19A2046); 国家自然科学基金(41977104)

Characteristics of Acidity and Nutrient Changes in Red Soil After Conversion of Paddy Field to Dry Land and Vegetable Field

QIU HaiHua¹^,²(), KUAI LeiXin¹^,², ZHANG Lu¹^,², LIU LiSheng¹^,², WEN ShiLin¹^,², CAI ZeJiang¹^,²()

¹ Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Beijing 100081
² Hengyang Red Soil Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Qiyang Farmland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Qiyang 426182, Hunan

Received:2023-03-09 Accepted:2023-06-16 Published:2024-02-01 Online:2024-02-05

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】以红壤区典型县域祁阳为例，分析不同母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤酸度和养分含量变化特征，为该区合理利用土地防治酸化提供科学依据。【方法】选取18个点位，采集水田及相邻的旱地和菜地，分析土壤pH、交换性酸、交换性盐基离子、有机质、阳离子交换量和养分含量的变化及其相互关系。【结果】碱性母质发育的土壤pH均显著高于酸性母质发育的土壤。酸性母质发育的水田改为菜地后土壤pH降低了0.48个单位；碱性母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤pH分别降低了0.74和0.53个单位。双直线模型拟合分析表明，当水田、旱地和菜地的土壤pH分别低于5.88、5.78和5.63时，土壤交换性铝含量快速升高，且降低一个pH单位土壤交换性铝含量分别增加1.09、2.33和2.93 cmol₍₊₎·kg^-1。酸性母质发育的水田改为旱地土壤有机质和全氮含量分别降低了11.06和0.42 g·kg^-1，而菜地无显著变化；碱性母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤有机质和全氮含量均显著下降，降幅分别为13.88—17.28和0.57—0.71 g·kg^-1。碱性母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤有效氮含量分别降低了47.66和42.34 mg·kg^-1。两种母质发育的水田改为菜地后土壤全磷、有效磷含量均显著增加，增幅分别为0.41—0.48 g·kg^-1和26.79—28.69 mg·kg^-1。两种母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地土壤全钾含量无显著变化；碱性母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤有效钾含量显著升高，分别升高了36.69和65.76 mg·kg^-1。相关分析表明，土壤pH与土壤交换性钙和镁、阳离子交换量、有机质含量和全氮含量呈显著正相关（P<0.01）；土壤交换性酸和铝与有效磷含量显著正相关（P<0.05），与土壤交换性钙和镁、阳离子交换量、有机质含量和全氮含量呈显著负相关（P<0.01）。【结论】酸性母质和碱性母质发育的水田改为旱地后土壤有机质、全氮含量均显著降低，而土壤全磷、有效磷含量呈增加趋势；酸性母质发育的水田只有改为菜地后土壤才酸化，而碱性母质发育的水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤均酸化；水田改为旱地和菜地后土壤硝化作用增强和盐基离子淋失增加可能是其酸化的主要原因之一。

关键词: 母质, 红壤, 水田改旱地和菜地, 土壤酸度, 养分特征

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of changes in soil acidity and nutrient content after the conversion of paddy fields with different parent material development into dryland and vegetable fields in Qiyang, a typical county in the red soil area, so as to provide a scientific basis for the rational use of land to prevent acidification in the area. 【Method】18 sites were selected and collected from paddy fields and adjacent dryland and vegetable fields to analyze the changes of soil pH, exchangeable acid, exchangeable salt-based ions, organic matter, cation exchange, and nutrient content and their interrelationships. 【Result】 The pH of all the soils developed with alkaline parent material was significantly higher than that of the soils developed with acidic parent material. Soil pH decreased by 0.48 units after the conversion of acidic parent material developed paddy fields to vegetable fields; soil pH decreased by 0.74 and 0.53 units after the conversion of alkaline parent material developed paddy fields to drylands and vegetable fields, respectively. The bilinear model fit analysis showed that the soil exchangeable aluminum content increased rapidly when the soil pH was below 5.88, 5.78 and 5.63 in the paddy field, dryland and vegetable field, respectively, and the increment of soil exchangeable aluminum content increased by 1.09, 2.33 and 2.93 cmol₍₊₎·kg^-1 by one pH unit, respectively. Soil organic matter and total nitrogen content decreased by 11.06 and 0.42 g·kg^-1, respectively, in the acidic matrices developed paddy fields converted to drylands, while no significant changes were observed in vegetable fields; soil organic matter and total nitrogen content decreased significantly in the alkaline matrices developed paddy fields converted to drylands and vegetable fields, by 13.88-17.28 and 0.57-0.71 g·kg^-1, respectively. The total and effective phosphorus content of the soil increased significantly from 0.41-0.48 g·kg^-1and 26.79-28.69 mg·kg^-1 after the conversion of the paddy field with alkaline parent material to dryland and vegetable field, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that soil pH was significantly and positively correlated with soil exchangeable calcium and magnesium, cation exchange, organic matter content and total nitrogen content (P<0.01); soil exchangeable acid and aluminum were significantly correlated with effective phosphorus content (P<0.05) and negative correlation (P<0.01) with soil exchangeable calcium and magnesium, cation exchange, organic matter and total nitrogen. 【Conclusion】Soil organic matter and total nitrogen content decreased significantly after the conversion of acidic and alkaline parent material developed paddy fields to drylands, while soil total phosphorus and effective phosphorus content tended to increase. Soil acidification was observed after the conversion of paddy fields to vegetable fields for acidic parent materials or to drylands and vegetable fields for alkaline parent materials; the increased nitrification and increased leaching of salt-based ions from paddy fields to drylands and vegetable fields might be one of the main reasons for soil acidification.

Key words: parent material, red soil, conversion of paddy fields to dry land and vegetable field, soil acidity, nutrient characteristics

邱海华, 蒯磊鑫, 张璐, 刘立生, 文石林, 蔡泽江. 水田改旱地和菜地后红壤酸度和养分变化特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(3): 525-538.

QIU HaiHua, KUAI LeiXin, ZHANG Lu, LIU LiSheng, WEN ShiLin, CAI ZeJiang. Characteristics of Acidity and Nutrient Changes in Red Soil After Conversion of Paddy Field to Dry Land and Vegetable Field[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(3): 525-538.

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土地利用 Land use	作物/轮作模式 Crop/rotation patterns	灌溉水源 Irrigation water	施肥种类 Fertilizer application types
水田 Paddy fields	一季稻-冬闲 Single rice - Winter leisure	池塘、水库 Ponds, reservoirs	尿素、复合肥 Urea, compound fertilizer
旱地 Dry land	冬油菜-夏玉米、花生、大豆 Winter canola - Summer maize, peanuts, soybeans	不灌溉 No irrigation	尿素、复合肥 Urea, compound fertilizer
菜地 Vegetable fields	白菜、莴苣、生菜、茄子 Cabbage, asparagus lettuce, lettuce, eggplant	池塘、污水 Ponds, reservoirs	尿素、复合肥、火土灰 Urea, compound fertilizer, plant ash

	pH	Ex.A	Ex.H	Ex.Al	Ex.Ca	Ex.Mg	Ex.K	Ex.Na	CEC	SOM	TN	TP	TK	AN	AP	AK
pH	1	-0.659**	-0.772**	-0.606**	0.839**	0.315**	-0.008	0.141	0.334**	0.331**	0.337**	-0.011	0.129	0.233**	-0.117	-0.037
	Ex.A	1	0.903**	0.993**	-0.539**	-0.289**	0.021	-0.226**	-0.255**	-0.207**	-0.237**	0.054	-0.079	-0.110	0.177*	0.028
		Ex.H	1	0.845**	-0.628**	-0.309**	0.001	-0.234**	-0.325**	-0.246**	-0.288**	0.053	-0.119	-0.146	0.155*	-0.002
			Ex.Al	1	-0.497**	-0.275**	0.026	-0.216**	-0.227**	-0.190*	-0.215**	0.052	-0.065	-0.097	0.176*	0.036
				Ex.Ca	1	0.231*	-0.038	0.284**	0.558**	0.493**	0.534**	0.195*	0.245**	0.350**	-0.115	0.032
					Ex.Mg	1	0.306**	0.253**	0.319**	0.241**	0.223**	0.417**	0.035	0.148	0.348**	0.288**
						Ex.K	1	0.194*	0.266**	-0.199*	-0.127	0.412**	0.355**	-0.197*	0.461**	0.947**
							Ex.Na	1	0.263**	0.241**	0.389**	0.373**	0.226**	0.177*	0.245**	0.249**
								CEC	1	0.506**	0.536**	0.565**	0.277**	0.423**	0.229**	0.267**
									SOM	1	0.886**	0.277**	-0.230**	0.874**	-0.049	-0.206**
										TN	1	0.351**	-0.064	0.757**	0.029	-0.123
											TP	1	0.209**	0.203**	0.633**	0.429**
												TK	1	-0.292**	-0.002	0.357**
													AN	1	-0.009	-0.239**
														AP	1	0.471**
															AK	1

水田改旱地和菜地后红壤酸度和养分变化特征

Characteristics of Acidity and Nutrient Changes in Red Soil After Conversion of Paddy Field to Dry Land and Vegetable Field

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