土膜耕作法的土壤与作物效应研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.15.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探索土膜耕作法对农田土壤水分、温度和养分变化的影响，揭示土膜对作物根系生长及产量效应，明确土膜的农业生产价值，为其应用提供理论依据与技术。【方法】在宁夏引黄灌区通过喷施1.0%浓度羧甲基纤维素铵（carboxymethyl cellulose ammonium，CMC-NH₄）水溶液促使土膜产生。设CMC-NH₄用量0（CK）、50.0（T1）、100.0（T2）、200.0（T3）和300.0 kg·hm^-2（T4）5个处理，开展春小麦-夏玉米复种下的土壤水分、温度、养分、微生物、作物根系及产量效应研究。【结果】喷施CMC-NH₄的各处理春小麦和夏玉米田土壤日均含水量提高3.3%-7.0%（P<0.05，下同）和1.9%-6.1%，日平均温度提高7.9%-12.6%和5.6%-11.7%，土壤积温增加88.98-141.94 ℃和60.25-136.65 ℃；0-30 cm土层根长提高37.5%-17.1%和11.2%-1.7%，根表面积提高15.3%-4.5%和12.5%-9.2%，土层根系干重增加17.0%-41.5%和30.9%-36.7%；提高春小麦籽粒产量7.3%-18.8%和夏玉米地上部干重33.6%-49.0%，提高土壤氮磷钾含量和促进土壤微生物多样性增加。【结论】喷施CMC-NH₄形成的土膜具有农田覆盖功能，能够改善土壤水热环境，促进作物养分吸收利用、根系生长、提高产量；土膜耕作法为构造“表实上虚下实”良好耕层结构提供了技术方法，对作物产能提升、农田土壤改良及农业高质量发展有支撑作用。宁夏引黄灌区CMC-NH₄推荐喷施量为100.0 kg·hm^-2。

关键词: 土膜耕作法（土膜）, 土壤, 作物, 效应, 羧甲基纤维素铵（CMC-NH₄）

Abstract:

【Objective】To make clear the agricultural productive value of soil film tillage, the effects of soil film tillage on soil moisture, temperature and nutrient changes in farmland were explored, and the effects of soil film on crop root growth and yield were revealed too, so as to provide the theoretical basis and technical methods for the application of soil film.【Method】Soil film was induced by spraying a 1.0% concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose ammonium (CMC-NH₄) aqueous solution, and the field experiment was conducted with five treatments, including 0 (CK), 50.0 (T1), 100.0 (T2), 200.0 (T3), and 300.0 kg·hm^-2 (T4). The effects of CMC-NH₄ application rate on soil moisture, temperature, nutrients, microorganisms, crop roots and yield in multiple cropping of spring wheat and summer maize were studied.【Result】Soil film treatment of spring wheat and summer maize could increase average daily soil moisture content by 3.3%-7.0% (P<0.05, the same as below) and 1.9%-6.1%, average daily temperature by 7.9%-12.6% and 5.6%-11.7%, contribution of soil accumulated temperature of growth period by 88.98-141.94 ℃ and 60.25-136.65 ℃, root length of 0-30 cm soil layer by 37.5%-17.1% and 11.2%-1.7%, root surface area of 0-30 cm soil layer by 15.3%-4.5% and 12.5%-9.2%, respectively, and root biomass (dry weight) in 0-30 cm soil layer were enhanced by 17.0%-41.5% and 30.9%-36.7%, respectively. Finally, the grain yield of spring wheat per unit area was increased by 7.3%-18.8% and above-ground dry weight of summer maize per unit area was increased by 33.6%-49.0%. and the soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content as well as soil microbial diversity were improved too. 【Conclusion】As a novel type of soil tillage, soil film had the function of farmland coverage, which greatly contributed to improve soil hydrothermal environment, and promote nutrient absorption and utilization, root growth and crop yield. At the same time, soil film produced the important technique and method to make the better plough layer structure that is “compact surface, loose top and tight bottom of plough layer”, which would support the improvement of crop productivity, farmland soil amendment and agricultural high-quality development. In this study, the recommended application rate was 100.0 kg·hm^-2 in Ningxia Yellow River irrigation area.

Key words: soil film tillage (soil film), soil, crops, effects, carboxymethyl cellulose ammonium (CMC-NH₄)

杨世琦, 颜鑫, 韩钰. 土膜耕作法的土壤与作物效应研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(15): 3010-3022.

YANG ShiQi, YAN Xin, HAN Yu. Effects of Soil Film Tillage on Soil and Crop in Farmland[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(15): 3010-3022.

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土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	处理Treatment	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	全磷 Total phosphorus (g·kg^-1)	全钾 Total potassium (g·kg^-1)	水解氮 Hydrolysis nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)
0-10	CK	14.03±0.51b	0.084±0.004c	0.075±0.001a	1.75±0.02ab	61.63±2.44c	6.47±0.19d	26.50±0.79d	116.67±3.79d
	T1	15.37±0.19b	0.089±0.001b	0.079±0.004a	1.68±0.08b	64.27±0.76bc	9.28±0.29a	32.77±0.12c	125.00±2.65d
	T2	17.87±0.40a	0.104±0.002a	0.082±0.001a	1.77±0.03ab	70.37±1.48a	7.12±0.27c	42.70±0.36a	149.67±7.64b
	T3	17.53±0.19a	0.102±0.005a	0.079±0.003a	1.78±0.02ab	62.17±1.03c	7.66±0.19b	32.30±0.42c	134.67±1.15c
	T4	18.17±0.28a	0.107±0.002a	0.096±0.002a	1.83±0.05a	66.93±2.17b	7.63±0.25b	36.17±0.40b	165.67±6.51a
10-20	CK	21.70±1.14a	0.127±0.003a	0.078±0.003a	1.69±0.15a	71.43±1.60a	15.73±2.38a	25.63±0.29b	151.67±3.06a
	T1	15.30±0.61d	0.090±0.002d	0.090±0.026a	1.76±0.05a	61.53±2.90d	8.10±0.16b	24.05±0.92c	101.00±1.00d
	T2	16.93±0.40c	0.099±0.003c	0.077±0.001a	1.76±0.06a	67.83±1.92ab	7.89±0.40b	28.37±0.29a	118.33±5.13c
	T3	18.40±0.10b	0.107±0.001b	0.077±0.001a	1.83±0.01a	66.73±2.51bc	6.97±0.43b	23.93±0.55c	107.00±10.58d
	T4	16.80±0.61c	0.093±0.004d	0.073±0.001a	1.81±0.06a	63.03±0.68cd	7.64±0.26b	22.4±0.30d	137.67±2.52b

土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	处理 Treatment	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	全磷 Total phosphorus (g·kg^-1)	全钾 Total potassium (g·kg^-1)	水解氮 Hydrolysis nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)
0-10	CK	13.47±1.27c	0.090±0.001d	0.090±0.002a	1.50±0.14b	60.47±2.37c	6.75±3.74b	24.27±2.39c	104.33±4.04c
	T1	16.73±0.84b	0.100±0.002c	0.093±0.007a	1.33±0.23b	63.97±0.81c	7.94±1.89a	32.37±0.80b	169.00±36.59a
	T2	13.53±1.78c	0.094±0.002c	0.092±0.003a	1.52±0.16b	67.60±2.72b	8.20±1.56a	28.30±0.70c	108.67±13.28c
	T3	16.20±0.35b	0.130±0.013b	0.093±0.001a	1.81±0.09a	70.83±0.47b	8.26±0.13a	27.47±0.92c	120.00±5.29b
	T4	21.13±2.22a	0.140±0.002a	0.090±0.003a	1.65±0.28ab	96.67±1.43a	8.80±0.31a	43.00±1.11a	158.00±7.00a
10-20	CK	12.70±1.67b	0.087±0.003c	0.087±0.002b	1.72±0.08a	66.27±0.91a	14.14±7.27a	23.63±0.57c	97.33±3.21d
	T1	14.57±2.65b	0.092±0.003b	0.090±0.004b	1.52±0.09b	64.90±2.33a	5.06±0.68b	29.77±0.45b	113.00±4.58b
	T2	18.33±6.18b	0.094±0.004b	0.096±0.006a	1.73±0.26a	69.00±2.70a	12.71±3.80a	34.70±0.36a	128.00±3.61a
	T3	17.13±1.88a	0.101±0.002a	0.091±0.004ab	1.72±0.14a	68.60±2.55a	4.01±1.30b	24.00±0.70d	104.67±1.53c
	T4	17.23±0.23a	0.106±0.002a	0.096±0.002a	1.79±0.16a	69.10±2.27a	3.83±0.23c	29.03±1.31b	137.00±9.54a