小麦秸秆还田后不同水稻品种对简化穗肥施用的响应及其成因

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.10.009

中国农业科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (10): 1961-1978.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.10.009

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

小麦秸秆还田后不同水稻品种对简化穗肥施用的响应及其成因

舒小伟(), 王树深, 伏桐, 王子涵, 丁周宇, 杨英, 赵士茹, 周娟, 黄建晔, 姚友礼, 王余龙, 董桂春()

扬州大学农学院/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室/江苏省作物栽培生理重点实验室，江苏扬州 225009

收稿日期:2023-06-16 接受日期:2023-11-22 出版日期:2024-05-16 发布日期:2024-05-23
通信作者:
董桂春，E-mail：gcdong@yzu.edu.cn
联系方式: 舒小伟，E-mail：1411278171@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学资金(31571608); 江苏省农业重大技术协同推广计划项目(2023-ZYXT-03-2); 2023年江苏稻米产业集群项目优质水稻产量品质效益协同提升关键技术研发(203320175); 江苏省研究生科研创新计划(KYCX22-3510); 2023年扬州市中央农业相关专项转移支付项目(203310383)

Response Difference and Its Cause Reasons for Simplified Panicle Fertilization in Different Rice Varieties After Wheat Straw Return

SHU XiaoWei(), WANG ShuShen, FU Tong, WANG ZiHan, DING ZhouYu, YANG Ying, ZHAO ShiRu, ZHOU Juan, HUANG JianYe, YAO YouLi, WANG YuLong, DONG GuiChun()

Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu

Received:2023-06-16 Accepted:2023-11-22 Published:2024-05-16 Online:2024-05-23

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探讨小麦秸秆还田条件下不同水稻品种产量、颖花分化和退化、土壤微生物活性及碱解氮对简化穗肥施用响应的差异及其原因。【方法】以迟熟中粳南粳9108和中籼扬稻6号两个品种为试材，研究秸秆还田方式（全量还田和不还田）和简化穗肥处理（0﹕0，不施穗肥；2﹕0，全施促花肥；1﹕1，促花肥和保花肥各施一半；0﹕2，全施保花肥）互作条件下产量、颖花分化和退化等的差异及其相互关系。从秸秆腐解和养分释放、土壤微生物量和酶活性变化、土壤碱解氮含量等角度分析水稻颖花分化和退化的机制。【结果】（1）秸秆还田后，南粳9108和扬稻6号的产量分别平均增加4.2%和3.2%。穗肥处理中，两品种分别以2﹕0和1﹕1处理的产量最高；而秸秆不还田处理下，两品种产量均以1﹕1处理最高。在施氮量180—360 kg N·hm^-2范围内穗肥处理的产量趋势一致；（2）秸秆还田后0—30 d为快速腐解期，秸秆中的碳和氮迅速释放，30 d时土壤中的细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量平均增加179.2%，脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶的活性平均增加88.8%；40—60 d秸秆腐解和碳氮释放速率变缓，微生物数量和酶活性迅速降低；60—90 d秸秆腐解和碳氮释放基本停滞，微生物数量和酶活性缓慢下降。秸秆还田后10—40 d，土壤碱解氮含量平均降低4.8%，50—90 d平均增加5.2%；（3）秸秆还田后，土壤碱解氮的增加使供试水稻的颖花分化数平均增加1.4%，颖花退化数平均降低12.3%，颖花现存数平均增加4.4%，每穗粒数（每穗颖花现存数）的增加是水稻增产的主要原因。南粳9108和扬稻6号2﹕0处理下颖花退化率秸秆还田较不还田处理分别降低23.5%和7.6%。南粳9108在2﹕0处理下的颖花分化数和退化数较1﹕1处理分别增加8.9和5.7朵/穗，扬稻6号分别增加6.8和11.6朵/穗。由于颖花分化数的增幅大于颖花退化数的增幅，故南粳9108的颖花现存数以2﹕0处理最多，而扬稻6号则以1﹕1处理最多。【结论】秸秆还田提高了水稻产量，全施促花肥南粳9108产量最高，扬稻6号则是促保均施处理的最高。产量提高的原因主要通过显著降低颖花退化率和退化数，增加每穗粒数实现的。南粳9108颖花退化率下降的幅度大于扬稻6号，是两个品种颖花现存数对不同穗肥处理响应差异的主要原因。

关键词: 秸秆还田, 穗肥, 水稻, 颖花分化和退化, 产量, 土壤微生物活性

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to explore and analyze the differences in yield, panicle differentiation and degeneration, soil microbial activity, and response of soil alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen to simplified panicle fertilization among different rice varieties under the condition of wheat straw return (SR). 【Method】 As test materials, two cultivars were selected, including late maturing medium japonica rice Nanjing 9108 (NJ 9108) and indica rice Yangdao 6 (YD6). Rice yield, spikelet differentiation, and degeneration were evaluated under the interactive conditions of SR and simplified panicle fertilization (0﹕0, no panicle fertilization; 2﹕0, full application of spikelet-promoting fertilizer; 1﹕1, equal application of spikelet-promoting and protecting fertilizers; 0﹕2, full application of spikelet-protection fertilizer). The nutritional basis of rice spikelet differentiation and degeneration was analyzed in terms of nutrient release from straw decomposition, alterations in soil microbial communities and enzyme activity, and soil alkaline nitrogen content. 【Result】 (1) After SR, the average yield of NJ 9108 and YD 6 increased by 4.2% and 3.2%, respectively. Under panicle fertilization treatments, the highest yield for NJ9108 and YD6 was achieved under the 2﹕0 and 1﹕1 treatment, respectively. After no wheat straw return treatment (NR), the yield of both varieties was highest under the 1﹕1 treatment. The yield trend of panicle fertilization treatments was consistent within the range of 180-360 kg N·hm^-2. (2) After SR, the initial 0-30 days were a period of rapid decomposition, with the rapid release of carbon and nitrogen from the straw. At 30 days, the average number of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes in the soil increased by 179.2%, and the average activity of urease, acid phosphatase, and sucrase increased by 88.8%. During the period of 40 to 60 days, the straw's decomposition and carbon-nitrogen release rates diminished, and the number of microorganisms and enzyme activities decreased significantly. Decomposition and carbon-nitrogen release of straw essentially stalled between 60 and 90 days, while the number of microorganisms and enzyme activities decreased gradually. From 10 to 40 days after SR, the soil's alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen content decreased by an average of 4.8%, while it increased by an average of 5.2% between 50 and 90 days. (3) After SR, the increase in soil alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen caused an increase of 1.4% in the average number of spikelets differentiation, a decrease of 12.3% in the average number of spikelets degeneration, but an increase of 4.4% in the average number of surviving spikelets. Rice harvest increased primarily due to an increase in the number of spikelets per panicle (the number of surviving spikelets per panicle). After SR, the 2﹕0 treatment reduced the rate of spikelet degeneration in NJ9108 and YD6 relative to NR by 23.5% and 7.6%, respectively. The number of spikelet differentiation and degeneration of NJ9108 increased by 8.9 and 5.7 spikelets per panicle under the 2﹕0 treatment relative to the 1﹕1 treatment, whereas Yangdao 6 increased by 6.8 and 11.6 spikelets per panicle, respectively. As the increase in the number of spikelets differentiation was greater than the increase in the number of spikelets degeneration, NJ9108 had the highest number of surviving spikelets under the 2﹕0 treatment, while YD6 had the highest number under the 1﹕1 treatment. 【Conclusion】 Wheat straw return increased rice yield, with NJ 9108 achieving the highest yield under the full application of spikelet-promoting fertilizer and Yangdao 6 achieving the highest yield under the equal application of spikelet-promoting and protecting fertilizers. Those factors that contributed to the increase in yield were mainly due to a significant reduction in the rate and number of spikelets degeneration and an increase in the number of spikelets per panicle. The decrease in the rate of spikelets degeneration for NJ 9108 was greater than that for YD6, which was the main reason for the difference in their response to different panicle fertilization treatments in terms of the number of surviving spikelets.

Key words: wheat straw return, panicle fertilizer, rice, spikelets differentiation and degeneration, yield, soil microbial activity

舒小伟, 王树深, 伏桐, 王子涵, 丁周宇, 杨英, 赵士茹, 周娟, 黄建晔, 姚友礼, 王余龙, 董桂春. 小麦秸秆还田后不同水稻品种对简化穗肥施用的响应及其成因[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(10): 1961-1978.

SHU XiaoWei, WANG ShuShen, FU Tong, WANG ZiHan, DING ZhouYu, YANG Ying, ZHAO ShiRu, ZHOU Juan, HUANG JianYe, YAO YouLi, WANG YuLong, DONG GuiChun. Response Difference and Its Cause Reasons for Simplified Panicle Fertilization in Different Rice Varieties After Wheat Straw Return[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(10): 1961-1978.

图/表 12

图1

表1

图2

表2

小麦秸秆还田后简化穗肥施用对水稻产量构成因素的影响"

年份 Year	秸秆 Straw	品种 Variety	穗肥 Panicle fertilization	穗数 Panicles (×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
2021	SR	NJ9108	0﹕0	340.11±2.50b	122.11±2.27d	87.15±0.27b	25.48±0.15ab
			2﹕0	364.31±2.21a	142.43±2.37a	87.75±0.41b	25.40±0.17b
			1﹕1	363.94±2.35a	137.21±2.12b	87.88±0.62b	25.70±0.1ab
			0﹕2	362.96±2.17a	128.15±2.16c	88.88±0.45a	25.89±0.17a
		YD6	0﹕0	229.10±2.22b	159.76±2.91c	79.06±0.62b	31.00±0.21ab
			2﹕0	243.19±1.79a	179.89±2.99a	79.75±0.36b	30.82±0.30b
			1﹕1	242.81±1.78a	184.39±2.80a	79.79±0.53b	31.39±0.15a
			0﹕2	242.44±1.79a	170.14±3.12b	80.65±0.60a	31.35±0.42a
	NR	NJ9108	0﹕0	341.70±1.14b	117.56±2.38c	87.05±0.33b	25.47±0.10ab
			2﹕0	374.42±1.48a	131.02±2.35a	87.10±0.71b	25.24±0.42b
			1﹕1	374.94±1.32a	131.63±2.33a	87.17±0.27b	25.43±0.06ab
			0﹕2	374.74±1.19a	123.71±2.13b	87.97±0.44a	25.85±0.08a
		YD6	0﹕0	231.43±1.30b	152.68±2.49c	78.53±0.60b	30.61±0.38b
			2﹕0	245.44±1.27a	174.24±3.01a	79.36±0.34a	30.66±0.33b
			1﹕1	246.02±1.60a	178.17±2.91a	79.88±0.29a	31.12±0.09a
			0﹕2	244.85±1.67a	167.19±2.90b	80.17±0.55a	31.37±0.09a
2022	SR	NJ9108	0﹕0	345.10±2.02b	118.09±0.98d	74.11±0.39c	25.65±0.15a
			2﹕0	376.55±2.76a	138.98±1.04a	83.93±0.23b	25.59±0.09a
			1﹕1	375.21±2.30a	134.47±0.89b	84.21±0.32b	25.64±0.07a
			0﹕2	376.45±2.65a	125.42±0.84c	84.92±0.42a	25.86±0.05a
		YD6	0﹕0	229.12±1.07b	160.20±2.84d	73.56±0.37c	30.90±0.23bc
			2﹕0	250.89±0.87a	175.71±2.87b	75.61±0.16b	30.78±0.34c
			1﹕1	250.79±1.67a	180.51±0.96a	76.17±0.04ab	31.12±0.14ab
			0﹕2	250.47±1.68a	165.51±3.03c	76.44±0.57a	31.28±0.01a
	NR	NJ9108	0﹕0	345.87±2.04b	114.32±1.17c	73.36±0.20c	25.62±0.06a
			2﹕0	387.40±1.91a	128.41±0.71a	82.61±0.88b	25.51±0.08a
			1﹕1	385.90±1.09a	129.77±1.39a	83.77±0.53a	25.45±0.09a
			0﹕2	384.90±0.56a	124.82±1.17b	83.41±1.25ab	25.64±0.07a
		YD6	0﹕0	231.96±1.30b	155.02±1.87d	73.15±0.49c	30.52±0.36b
			2﹕0	254.02±0.28a	171.70±2.84b	74.66±0.04b	30.41±0.16b
			1﹕1	252.71±1.14a	176.92±0.81a	75.17±0.1ab	30.83±0.09a
			0﹕2	251.67±1.68a	165.22±2.09c	75.67±0.08a	31.05±0.10a

表2

表3

表4

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

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变异来源 Source of variation	自由度 Degree of freedom	平方和 Sum of squares	均方 Mean square	F值 Computed F	F_0.05	F_0.01
区组 Replication	6	0.06	0.01	0.88	4.28	8.47
年度间 Year (Y)	1	10.03	10.03	845.58**	5.99	13.75
秸秆 Straw (S)	1	3.69	3.69	311.01**	5.99	13.75
品种 Variety (V)	1	2.28	2.28	104.64**	4.75	9.33
穗肥 Fertilization (F)	3	123.88	41.29	1640**	2.73	4.07
Y×S	1	0.01	0.01	1	5.99	13.75
Y×V	1	0.05	0.05	2.48	4.75	9.33
Y×F	3	2.15	0.72	28.46**	2.73	4.07
S×V	1	0.03	0.03	1.45	4.75	9.33
S×F	3	0.74	0.25	9.8**	2.73	4.07
V×F	3	2.90	0.97	38.34**	2.73	4.07
Y×S×V	3	0.01	0	0.07	2.73	4.07
Y×S×F	3	1.90	0.63	25.1**	2.73	4.07
Y×V×F	3	0.33	0.11	4.42**	2.73	4.07
Y×S×V×F	3	0.03	0.01	0.38	2.73	4.07
误差 Error	72	1.81	0.03
总变异 Total	127	150.24

年份 Year	品种 Variety	产量构成因素 Yield component	相关系数 Correlation coefficient	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient
年份 Year	品种 Variety	产量构成因素 Yield component	相关系数 Correlation coefficient	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	穗数 Panicles	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate	千粒重 1000-grain weight
2021	NJ9108	穗数Panicles	0.793**	0.407		0.206	0.076	0.016
		每穗粒数Spikelets per panicle	0.897**	0.716	0.363		0.020	-0.155
		结实率Seed setting rate	0.283	0.096	0.018	0.003		0.066
		千粒重1000-grain weight	0.058	0.131	0.005	-0.028	0.090
	YD6	穗数Panicles	0.884**	0.286		0.218	0.138	0.066
		每穗粒数Spikelets per panicle	0.943**	0.679	0.517		0.190	0.087
		结实率Seed setting rate	0.532**	0.097	0.047	0.027		0.069
		千粒重1000-grain weight	0.372**	0.150	0.034	0.019	0.107
2022	NJ9108	穗数Panicles	0.902**	0.274		0.187	0.246	-0.055
		每穗粒数Spikelets per panicle	0.908**	0.431	0.295		0.338	-0.084
		结实率Seed setting rate	0.963**	0.378	0.340	0.293		0.023
		千粒重1000-grain weight	-0.087	0.030	-0.006	-0.006	0.002
	YD6	穗数Panicles	0.905**	0.371		0.267	0.282	0.063
		每穗粒数Spikelets per panicle	0.912**	0.551	0.396		0.308	0.036
		结实率Seed setting rate	0.811*	0.155	0.118	0.087		0.087
		千粒重1000-grain weight	0.302	0.116	0.021	0.008	0.065

小麦秸秆还田后不同水稻品种对简化穗肥施用的响应及其成因

Response Difference and Its Cause Reasons for Simplified Panicle Fertilization in Different Rice Varieties After Wheat Straw Return

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试验 Experiment	施氮量 Nitrogen fertilization level (kg·hm^-2)	处理 Treatment	基肥 Base fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	分蘖肥 Tillering fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	穗肥Panicle fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)
试验 Experiment	施氮量 Nitrogen fertilization level (kg·hm^-2)	处理 Treatment	基肥 Base fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	分蘖肥 Tillering fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	促花肥 Spikelet-promoting fertilizer	保花肥 Spikelet-protection fertilizer
2021	270		94.5	81
简化穗肥 Simplified panicle fertilizer		0﹕0			0	0
		2﹕0			94.5	0
		1﹕1			47.25	47.25
		0﹕2			0	94.5
2022	180		63	54
施氮量 Nitrogen fertilizer level		0﹕0			0	0
		2﹕0			63	0
		1﹕1			31.5	31.5
		0﹕2			0	63
	360		126	108
		0﹕0			0	0
		2﹕0			126	0
		1﹕1			63	63
		0﹕2			0	126

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