早花露地小菊杂交后代株系的综合评价与筛选

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.01.012

中国农业科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (1): 173-189.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.01.012

早花露地小菊杂交后代株系的综合评价与筛选

宋想(), 王钟曼(), 张秋玲, 魏媛媛, 赵小刚, 刘波, 戴思兰()

北京林业大学园林学院/北京市林木分子设计育种高精尖创新中心/花卉种质创新与分子育种北京市重点实验室/城乡生态环境北京实验室/林木花卉遗传育种教育部重点实验室/国家花卉工程技术研究中心，北京 100083

收稿日期:2023-04-26 接受日期:2023-09-01 出版日期:2024-01-01 发布日期:2024-01-10
通信作者:
戴思兰，E-mail：silandai@sina.com
联系方式: 宋想，E-mail：songxiangbjfu@163.com。王钟曼，E-mail：wangzhongman9801@163.com。宋想和王钟曼为同等贡献作者。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(32371948); 国家自然科学基金(32171849); 北京市科技计划(Z191100008519002)

Comprehensive Evaluation and Selection of Hybrid Offsprings of Early Flowering Spray Outdoor Chrysanthemum

SONG Xiang(), WANG ZhongMan(), ZHANG QiuLing, WEI YuanYuan, ZHAO XiaoGang, LIU Bo, DAI SiLan()

School of Landscape and Architecture, Beijing Forestry University/Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design/Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding/Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment/Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Tree and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education/National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing 100083

Received:2023-04-26 Accepted:2023-09-01 Published:2024-01-01 Online:2024-01-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】建立早花露地小菊综合评价体系，筛选出花期为9月中旬至10月中旬、花色接近纯正红色或黄色、花型和株型等综合表现优异的株系，丰富华北地区早秋节庆用花。为进一步培育早花露地小菊新品种提供育种材料和选择方法。【方法】以露地小菊3个早花亲本和1个重瓣性高且花色鲜艳亲本及其25个经田间初选的杂交后代无性株系为供试材料，划分花色、花期、花型、株型和叶型5个层次，从观测的30个原始性状中筛选出18个关键性状指标作为评价因子，利用层次分析法及K-Means聚类分析法建立综合评价体系，开展杂种株系的综合筛选。【结果】以早花、花型圆整丰满、红黄两种花色稳定为育种目标确定了层次分析法各性状的权重值，其中初花期起始时间（0.1817）权重值最大，其次是花色稳定性（0.1695）、盛花期单株着花数量（0.1383）、开花持续时间（0.1301），再次是花色适宜度（0.0565）、盛花期着花整齐度（0.0565）、花序直径（0.0539）、舌状花数量（0.0574）。通过K-Means聚类分析法将29份材料划分为3个等级，Ⅰ级10个（34.38%），Ⅱ级11个（37.93%），Ⅲ级8个（27.59%）；杂交子代性状分离广泛，花色、花型和株型均出现了超亲性状，但花期仍以2个早花亲本初花期最早，符合前人研究认为花期为多基因控制的数量性状。因此，早花露地小菊育种仍需筛选更多亲本，增加可早秋使用的露地小菊资源。【结论】本评价方法综合各类评价体系优势，以数量化结果充分表征田间观测的性状特征，以育种目标为导向进行层次分析赋值评价，为综合评价和筛选早花露地小菊优良品种提供了量化方法。建立的评价体系可以很好地对早花露地小菊进行评价与筛选，为后期早花露地小菊新品种的选育提供了一种可靠方法，有助于提高后代优良种质筛选效率。最终筛选出10个观赏性状优良的早花露地小菊株系，可作为新品种或新品系应用，也可作为育种材料。

关键词: 露地小菊, 杂交后代, 综合评价, 层次分析法, K-Means聚类分析, 早花性状

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to establish a comprehensive evaluation system for early flowering garden chrysanthemums, and to select plant lines with flowering periods from mid-September to mid-October, of which flower colors were close to pure red or yellow with novel flower type, round plant shape and excellent comprehensive performance to enrich ornamentals for early autumn festivals in Northen China, so as to provide breeding materials and selection methods for further breeding of early flowering garden chrysanthemum. 【Method】Using 3 early-flowering parents and 1 high double-flowering parent with bright color of small flowered chrysanthemum and 25 asexual hybrid progenies as test materials, 30 original traits were observed from 5 aspects, including flower color, flowering period, flower type, plant type, and leaf type. The selected 18 key traits were used as evaluation factors, and then a comprehensive evaluation system was established using Analytic Hierarchy Process and K-Means clustering analysis to conduct the comprehensive screening of hybrid lines. 【Result】The weight values of each trait of analytic hierarchy process were determined with the breeding objectives of early flowering, round flower type, and stable red and yellow flower color. Among them, the weight value of the initial flowering time (0.1817) was the largest, followed by the flower color stability (0.1695), the number of flowers per plant in the full flowering period (0.1383), the flowering duration (0.1301), the flower color suitability (0.0565), the flower uniformity in the full flowering period (0.0565 ), the inflorescence diameter (0.0539), and the number of ligulate flowers (0.0574). The 29 materials were divided into 3 grades by K-Means clustering analysis: 10 in grade I, 11 in grade II, and 8 in grade III, accounting for 34.38%, 37.93% and 27.59%, respectively. The traits of the hybrid progeny were widely separated, and the flower color, flower type, and plant type all showed transgressive traits, but the flowering period was still the earliest in the two early flowering parents, which was in line with the previous studies that the flowering period was a quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. Therefore, the early flowering breeding still needs to screen parents and increase the resources of open-field small chrysanthemums that can be used in early autumn. 【Conclusion】 This evaluation method integrated the advantages of various evaluation systems, characterized the traits observed in the field with quantitative results, and conducted hierarchical analysis and evaluation guided by breeding objectives, which provided a quantitative method for comprehensive evaluation and screening of excellent varieties of early flowering garden chrysanthemum. The data analysis results indicated that the evaluation system established in this study could effectively evaluate and screen early flowering garden chrysanthemums, providing a reliable method for the breeding of new varieties of early flowering garden chrysanthemums, and helping to improve the efficiency of selecting excellent germplasm for future breeding project. Finally, 10 early flowering garden chrysanthemum strains with excellent ornamental traits were selected, which could be used as new varieties or strains and also as further breeding materials.

Key words: spray outdoor chrysanthemum, hybrid offsprings, comprehensive evaluation, analytic hierarchy process, K-Means cluster analysis, early flowering characters

宋想, 王钟曼, 张秋玲, 魏媛媛, 赵小刚, 刘波, 戴思兰. 早花露地小菊杂交后代株系的综合评价与筛选[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(1): 173-189.

SONG Xiang, WANG ZhongMan, ZHANG QiuLing, WEI YuanYuan, ZHAO XiaoGang, LIU Bo, DAI SiLan. Comprehensive Evaluation and Selection of Hybrid Offsprings of Early Flowering Spray Outdoor Chrysanthemum[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(1): 173-189.

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露地小菊18个关键性状评分标准"

性状 Trait	分值Score
性状 Trait	1	2	3	4	5
P1初花期起始时间 The starting time of the initial flowering period	极晚花期 Very late flowering period	晚花期 Late flowering period	中花期 Mid-flowering period	早花期 Early flowering period	极早花期 Very early flowering period
P2开花持续时间 Flowering duration	<25	25—30	30—40	40—50	>50
P3盛花期单株着花数量 Number of capitulum per plant at full-bloom stage	<30	30—40	40—50	60—90	>90
P4盛花期着花整齐度 Flowering uniformity in full-bloom period	花朵分布不均，枝条间存在较大距离 The distribution of flowers is uneven, and there is a large distance between branches	介于二者之间 Between the two	花朵分布较均匀，相邻花朵间存在一定距离 The flowers are evenly distributed, and there is a certain distance between adjacent flowers	介于二者之间 Between the two	花朵分布均匀繁密，覆盖上表面 The flowers are evenly distributed and dense, covering the upper surface
P5花色适宜度 Flower color suitability	花色偏白 The flower color is white	花色较浅 Lighter color of flowers	花色呈较艳丽的粉色 The flower color is more gorgeous pink	花色艳丽，向红色或黄色靠拢 Colorful, close to red or yellow	较纯正的红色或明亮黄色 Purer red or bright yellow
P6花色稳定性 Flower color stability	-	出现变色现象 There is a discoloration phenomenon	-	-	颜色稳定 Stable color
P7花序直径（花径）Capitulum diameter	<4.0	4.0—4.5	4.5—5.0	5.0—5.5	>5.5
P8花心直径 Flower center diameter	2.0—2.5	1.5—2.0	1.0—1.5	0.75—1.0	0—0.75
P9舌状花形态（瓣型） Ligulate flower shape (petal type)	-	-	平瓣 Flat petals	匙瓣或管瓣/ 平瓣有龙骨或有缺刻 Spatulate petal or tubular petal / Flat petal with keel There may be a gap	匙瓣或管瓣附有龙骨或缺刻 Spatulate petal or tubular petal with keel or incised
P10舌状花数量 Number of ligulate flowers	25—50	50—100	100—150	150—200	>200
P11舌状花轮数（重瓣性） Number of ligulate flower wheels (double valve)	2—3	4—5	7	8	>9
P12冠幅Crown breadth	<25	25—30	30—35	35—40	>40
P13株高Plant height	<35	35—45	45—50	50—55	>55
P14分枝数 Number of branching	2	3	4	5	>6
P15圆整度 Roundness	植株不圆整 The plant is not rounded	介于二者之间 Between the two	植株较圆整 The plant is rounder	介于二者之间 Between the two	植株圆整 The plant is rounded
P16茎秆强度（抗倒伏能力） Stem strength（lodging resistance）	茎秆强度弱 Stem strength is weak	介于二者之间 Between the two	茎秆强度居中 Stem strength is in the middle	介于二者之间 Between the two	茎秆强度强 Stem strength is strong
P17叶片长度Blade length	<4	4—5	5—6	6—7	>7
P18叶片长宽比 Blade aspect ratio	-	长卵型或倒卵型 Long egg type or Inverted egg type	卵型 Egg-type	宽卵型 Wide egg type	-

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性状类型 Trait type	观测性状指标名称 Observation trait index
花期性状 Florescence	现蕾期Squaring period，破膜期Breaking film period，透色期Color-transparent period，初花期Initial flowering，盛花期Full flowering，末花期Last flowering stage，孕蕾期Bud period，开花持续期Blooming period，盛花期单株着花数量Number of capitulum per plant at full-bloom stage，着花整齐度Flowering uniformity
花色性状 Flower color	比色卡测色Colorimetric card color measurement (RHSCC)，色差仪测色Color difference meter color measurement (CIELAB standard color space)
花型性状 Flower traits	舌状花形状Ligulate flower shape，舌状花数量Number of ligulate flowers，舌状花轮数Number of tongue-shaped wreaths，舌状花长度Ligulate flower length，舌状花宽度Tongue flower width，花序直径Capitulum diameter，花序高度Capitulum height，花心直径Flower center diameter，花托直径Torus diameter，花托高度Torus height
株型性状 Plant leaf type	株高Plant height，冠幅Crown breadth，分枝数Number of branching，圆整度Roundness，茎秆强度Stem strength
叶型性状 Leaf type	叶片宽度Blade width，叶片长度Blade length，叶柄长度Petiole length

品种/株系编号 Cultivars/lines number	色系（占比） Color group (%)	比色卡编号 RHSCC number	品种/株系编号 Cultivars/lines number	色系 Color group	比色卡编号 RHSCC number
F1-4	白色（4） White group (4)	N155C	C34	紫色（26） Purple group (26)	77B
F1-15	黄色（11） Yellow group (11)	12A	F1-30		77B
183Q-5		13B	F1-17		77C
F1-36		6B	B200		N78C
F1-41	橙黄色（7） Yellow orange Group (7)	17C	F1-24		N78C
F1-22	橙黄色（7） Yellow orange Group (7)	23C	F1-6		N78D
F1-14	橙色（7） Orange group (7)	173C	F1-7		N78D
F1-37	橙色（7） Orange group (7)	34B	F1-19	紫罗兰色（4） Violet group (4)	84C
F1-18	紫红色（33） Red purple group (33)	58A	F1-19	紫罗兰色（4） Violet group (4)	84C
F1-5		64A	F1-20	变色系（15） Color changing Group (15)	29D
F1-33		70B	F1-20		56A
S8		70B	F1-3		75C
F1-29		70C	F1-3		27D
F1-2		71A	F1-23		155B
F1-9		72A	F1-23		N78C
F1-16		72B	F1-35		13B
F1-25		72A	F1-35		35A

色系 Color group	CIELab颜色系统 Cielab color system			数量 Quantity	品种或株系编号 Variety or strain number
色系 Color group	明度Brilliance (L^*)	红度Redness (a^*)	黄度Yellowness (b^*)	数量 Quantity	品种或株系编号 Variety or strain number
白色系 White group	89.90—91.23	-4.30—-1.96	5.52—15.08	2	F1-23、F1-4
黄色系 Yellow group	59.25—88.38	-12.99—15.88	15.47—83.78	6	F1-36、183Q-5、F1-15、F1-41、F1-22、F1-14
粉色系 Pink group	50.42—82.93	4.35—39.67	-11.69—32.59	12	F1-3、F1-19、F1-20、F1-35、F1-17、F1-29、F1-6、B200、F1-7、F1-9、F1-30、F1-24
红色系 Red group	35.75—75.62	10.18—41.07	-9.69—36.76	9	F1-37、F1-33、S8、F1-16、C34、F1-18、F1-25、F1-2、F1-5

舌状花形态 Ligulate flower shape	株系数量 Quantity	株系分布 Line distribution
平瓣 Flat	17	F1-4、F1-15、183Q-5、F1-36、F1-22、F1-37、C34、B200、F1-6、S8、F1-29、F1-2、F1-5、F1-25、F1-23、F1-3、F1-7
匙瓣 Spoon	11	F1-41、F1-14、F1-30、F1-17、F1-24、F1-19、F1-9、F1-16、F1-18、F1-35、F1-20
管瓣 Tubular	1	F1-33
有龙骨 Keel-like	13	F1-15、183Q-5、F1-36、F1-41、F1-14、C34、F1-17、B200、F1-24、F1-19、F1-33、F1-16、F1-35
有缺刻 Incision	10	F1-15、F1-14、F1-37、F1-41、F1-24、F1-35、F1-165、F1-17、F1-30、F1-6

舌状花数量 Number of ligulate flowers	株系数量 Number of lines	株系分布 Line distribution	舌状花轮数 Number of ligulate flower wheels	株系数量 Number of lines	株系分布 Line distribution
25—50	8	F1-2、F1-3、F1-9、F1-14、F1-16、C34、F1-37、S8	2-3	7	F1-2、F1-3、F1-14、F1-9、F1-16、F1-17、F1-24、C34
50—100	9	F1-4、F1-17、F1-19、F1-24、F1-25、F1-30、F1-35、F1-36、183Q-5	4-5	8	F1-4、F1-19、F1-20、F1-25、F1-30、F1-35、183Q-5、S8
100—150	6	F1-6、F1-7、F1-15、F1-23、F1-29、F1-41	7	8	F1-7、F1-22、F1-29、F1-36、F1-37、F1-41、B200
150—200	4	F1-5、F1-20、F1-22、B200	8	4	F1-5、F1-6、F1-15、F1-18
>200	2	F1-18、F1-33	>9	2	F1-23、F1-33

早花露地小菊杂交后代株系的综合评价与筛选

Comprehensive Evaluation and Selection of Hybrid Offsprings of Early Flowering Spray Outdoor Chrysanthemum

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Z目标层 Target layer	C约束层 Constriant layer	权重 Weight (Z-Ci)	P标准层 Standard layer	权重 Weight
露地小菊观赏性状综合评价 Comprehensive evaluation of ornamental traits of small chrysanthemum in open field	C1花期 Florescence	0.5069	P1初花期起始时间 The starting time of the initial flowering period	0.1817
			P2开花持续时间Flowering duration	0.1301
			P3盛花期单株着花数量 Number of capitulum per plant at full-bloom stage	0.1383
			P4盛花期着花整齐度Flowering uniformity in full-bloom period	0.0568
	C2花色 Flower color	0.2260	P5花色适宜度Flower color suitability	0.0565
	C2花色 Flower color	0.2260	P6花色稳定性Flower color stability	0.1695
	C3花型 Flower type	0.1625	P7花序直径（花径）Capitulum diameter	0.0539
			P8花心直径Flower center diameter	0.0092
			P9舌状花形态（瓣型）Ligulate flower shape (petal type)	0.0128
			P10舌状花数量Number of ligulate flowers	0.0574
			P11舌状花轮数（重瓣性）Number of ligulate flower wheels (double valve)	0.0292
	C4株型 Plant type	0.0966	P12冠幅Crown breadth	0.0292
			P13株高Plant height	0.0103
			P14分枝数Number of branching	0.0103
			P15圆整度Roundness	0.0279
			P16茎秆强度（抗倒伏能力）Stem strength (lodging resistance)	0.0189
	C5叶型 Leaf type	0.0080	P17叶片长度Blade width	0.0040
	C5叶型 Leaf type	0.0080	P18叶片长宽比Blade aspect ratio	0.0040

等级 Grade	材料 Material	综合得分 Synthesis score	等级 Grade	材料 Material	综合得分 Synthesis score	等级 Grade	材料 Material	综合得分 Synthesis score
Ⅰ	C34	3.8941	Ⅱ	F1-29	3.1042	Ⅲ	F1-4	2.3647
Ⅰ	F1-18	3.891	Ⅱ	B200	3.1246	Ⅲ	F1-30	2.7404
Ⅰ	F1-36	3.8659	Ⅱ	F1-15	3.1621	Ⅲ	F1-3	2.7690
Ⅰ	F1-5	3.8346	Ⅱ	F1-2	3.2129	Ⅲ	F1-35	2.8305
Ⅰ	F1-6	3.8236	Ⅱ	F1-9	3.2521	Ⅲ	F1-20	2.8466
Ⅰ	183Q-5	3.7284	Ⅱ	F1-17	3.2673	Ⅲ	F1-24	2.8760
Ⅰ	F1-16	3.6446	Ⅱ	F1-41	3.3012	Ⅲ	F1-25	2.9700
Ⅰ	F1-22	3.6386	Ⅱ	F1-14	3.3495	Ⅲ	F1-7	3.0041
Ⅰ	S8	3.6047	Ⅱ	F1-19	3.3733
Ⅰ	F1-33	3.5359	Ⅱ	F1-23	3.3973
			Ⅱ	F1-37	3.4324

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