基于品质、产量与水肥利用效率的基质栽培辣椒水肥管理优化

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.12.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究灌溉频率和营养液供应量耦合对袋培辣椒品质、产量、水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力的影响，优化袋培辣椒水肥管理方案。【方法】以‘凯莱（37-83）RZ F1’辣椒为试材，以维持基质含水量55%—60%所需要的灌水量（IA）为每日单株总灌水量，设置3种单株灌溉频率和2个营养液供应量。单株灌溉频率是将IA分别按照1次（IF1）、2次（IF2）和4次（IF3）供应；营养液供应量为标准山崎辣椒营养液供应量（NS1，即门椒开花至三层果收获期和三层果采收后，每日供应量分别为250 mL/株和500 mL/株）和持续增加营养液供应量（NS2，即初始营养液供应量每日为250 mL/株，辣椒每采收一层果实后，单株营养液供应量增加50 mL，至500 mL/株时不再增加），共6个耦合处理。采用主成分分析-优劣解距离法、隶属函数分析法和灰色关联度分析法对果实品质、产量、水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力指标进行综合评价。【结果】除果肩长外，灌溉频率对辣椒果实的品质指标均有极显著影响（P<0.01）；营养液供应量对辣椒果实的维生素C、可溶性蛋白、辣椒素和二氢辣椒素有极显著影响（P<0.01），对其他品质指标无显著影响；二者耦合对辣椒果实除果皮厚度之外的品质指标均有极显著影响（P<0.01）；同时，灌溉频率、营养液供应量和二者耦合对辣椒产量和水分利用率均表现出极显著影响（P<0.01）。PCA-TOPSIS法、隶属函数分析法和灰色关联度分析法对测定指标的评价结果一致，排名前两位的处理均为IF1NS1和IF2NS2，其中，IF1NS1处理的果实品质最好，产量、水分利用效率和氮磷钾肥偏生产力均最高，分别为74 482.24 kg·hm^-2、34.21 kg·m^-3、625.95 kg·kg^-1、679.54 kg·kg^-1和367.23 kg·kg^-1。因此，IF1NS1为最优水肥耦合处理。【结论】袋培辣椒的最优灌溉频率和营养液管理方案为：单株灌溉频率为维持基质含水量55%—60%所需要的灌水量按照1次供应，门椒开花至三层果收获期和三层果采收后分别按照每日250 mL/株和500 mL/株供应标准山崎配方营养液。

关键词: 辣椒, 产量, 品质, 水肥利用效率, 水肥优化

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to optimize the water and fertilizer management of peppers, and to investigate the effects of the coupling of irrigation frequency and nutrient solution supply on the quality, yield, water use efficiency and fertilizer partial productivity of peppers grown in substrate bags. 【Method】 Kailai (37-83) RZ F1 pepper was chosen as the material in the study, the irrigation amount (IA) required to maintain the water content of the substrate at 55%-60% was set as the total daily IA of single plant, and three irrigation frequencies (IF) of single plant were to supply IA according to 1 time (IF1), 2 times (IF2) and 4 times (IF3), respectively, and two nutrient solution supply amounts (NS) were the standard Yamazaki pepper nutrient solution (NS1, i.e. 250 mL/plant per day and 500 mL/plant per day during the flowering to triple layer harvesting period and after the triple layer harvesting, respectively) and the increasing nutrient solution (NS2, i.e. the initial nutrient solution supply was 250 mL/plant per day, after each layer of pepper was harvested, the nutrient supply of single plant was increased by 50 mL, and did not increase until it increased to 500 mL/plant), for a total of six coupled treatments. The principal component analysis-technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (PCA-TOPSIS), membership function analysis and grey relational degree analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate fruit quality, yield, water use efficiency and fertilizer partial productivity. 【Result】The IF had a significant effect on all quality indicators except shoulder length (P<0.01); the NS had a significant effect on vitamin C, soluble protein, capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin (P<0.01), but had no significant effect on other quality indicators; the coupling of IF and NS showed highly significant effect on the quality indicators, except the thickness of the peel (P<0.01). At the same time, IF, NS and their coupling showed extremely significant effects on pepper yield and water use efficiency (P<0.01). The evaluation results were consistent by PCA-TOPSIS, fuzzy membership function and grey relational degree, and the top two were IF1NS1 and IF2NS2. IF1NS1 treatment had the best fruit quality of pepper, for yield, water use efficiency, and N, P, K fertilizer partial productivity were the highest, with the value of 74 482.24 kg∙hm^-2, 34.21 kg∙m^-3, 625.95 kg∙kg^-1, 679.54 kg∙kg^-1, and 367.23 kg∙kg^-1, respectively. Therefore, IF1NS1 was the optimal water-fertilizer coupling treatment. 【Conclusion】 The optimal IF and NS management of peppers grown in substrate bags were as follows: IF of single plant was to maintain the water content of the substrate at 55%-60% required IA was supplied according to 1 time, the standard Yamazaki formula nutrient solution of 250 mL/plant per day and 500 mL/plant per day was supplied from the flowering to triple layer harvesting period and after the triple layer harvesting, respectively.

Key words: pepper, yield, quality, water and fertilizer use efficiency, water and fertilizer optimization

周道明, 孙涛, 赵玉红, 贾媛婕, 杨铭菲, 屈锋, 胡晓辉. 基于品质、产量与水肥利用效率的基质栽培辣椒水肥管理优化[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(12): 2354-2366.

ZHOU DaoMing, SUN Tao, ZHAO YuHong, JIA YuanJie, YANG MingFei, QU Feng, HU XiaoHui. Optimization of Water and Fertilizer Management of Substrate Cultivated Peppers Based on Quality, Yield, and Water and Fertilizer Use Efficiency[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(12): 2354-2366.

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灌溉频率水平 Irrigation frequency levels	处理变量值The variation value of treatment
灌溉频率水平 Irrigation frequency levels	灌溉频率（次/天） Irrigation frequency (times/day)	灌溉时间 Irrigation time	每次灌溉量 Irrigation amount per time
IF1	1	8:00	IA
IF2	2	8:00, 15:00	1/2 IA
IF3	4	8:00, 9:00, 15:00, 16:00	1/4 IA

处理 Treatment	单果重 Weight of single fruit (g)	果皮厚度 Fruit wall thickness (mm)	果肩长 Fruit shoulder length (mm)	维生素C Vitamin C (mg/100 g)	可溶性蛋白 Soluble protein (mg∙g^-1)	游离氨基酸 Free amino acid (mg∙kg^-1)	还原糖 Reducing sugar (%)	可溶性总糖 Total soluble sugar (%)	硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (μg∙g^-1)	辣椒素 Capsaicin （ng∙L^-1）	二氢辣椒素 Hihydrocapsaicin （ng∙L^-1）
IF1NS1	137.01±1.36a	2.93±0.12a	46.05±0.81a	295.46±7.28bc	0.40±0.00a	599.13±4.62b	3.63±0.15a	14.42±0.51a	212.70±15.44c	90.52±0.21bc	69.02±0.23d
IF2NS1	116.93±4.27b	2.38±0.13b	43.47±1.00ab	254.60±6.89d	0.32±0.00c	549.10±7.15c	2.08±0.02c	10.35±0.04c	302.56±2.77a	94.03±0.09a	76.78±0.10a
IF3NS1	107.54±1.30c	2.38±0.09b	44.95±0.98ab	282.55±3.10cd	0.42±0.01a	560.15±19.05bc	2.62±0.08b	11.24±0.63bc	295.24±4.99a	91.62±0.36b	68.33±0.18d
IF1NS2	108.68±1.20bc	2.50±0.15ab	41.33±1.09b	376.37±6.40a	0.37±0.00b	420.54±4.20e	2.48±0.06bc	11.74±0.04bc	274.43±7.15ab	89.94±0.51c	69.78±0.15c
IF2NS2	130.18±0.79a	2.54±0.14ab	44.89±0.70ab	377.72±5.11a	0.33±0.01c	500.81±5.17d	3.55±0.11a	12.69±0.13b	245.67±15.26bc	72.49±0.08d	62.48±0.12e
IF3NS2	115.75±0.65bc	2.15±0.16b	44.46±1.08ab	322.61±8.02b	0.34±0.00bc	808.55±4.62a	2.57±0.02b	11.59±0.17bc	312.33±7.21a	73.75±0.03d	75.94±0.14b
ANOVA
IF	**	**	ns	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
NS	ns	ns	ns	**	**	ns	ns	ns	ns	**	**
IF×NS	**	ns	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**

处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg∙hm^-2)	水分利用率 Water use efficiency (kg∙m^-3)
IF1NS1	74 482.24±698.67a	34.21±0.32a
IF2NS1	47 276.24±1 351.76cd	21.72±0.62cd
IF3NS1	46 749.92±2 028.02cd	21.47±0.93cd
IF1NS2	50 864.32±2 417.89bc	23.36±1.11bc
IF2NS2	55 265.08±2 073.33b	25.39±0.95b
IF3NS2	43 004.32±1 688.80d	19.75±0.78d
ANOVA
IF	**	**
NS	**	**
IF×NS	**	**

处理 Treatment	氮肥偏生产力 Nitrogen partial productivity (kg∙kg^-1)	磷肥偏生产力 Phosphate partial productivity (kg∙kg^-1)	钾肥偏生产力 Potash partial productivity (kg∙kg^-1)
IF1NS1	625.95±5.87a	679.54±6.37a	367.23±3.44a
IF2NS1	400.01±15.01b	434.25±16.29b	234.67±8.80b
IF3NS1	392.89±17.04b	426.52±18.50b	230.50±10.00b
IF1NS2	368.15±17.50bc	399.67±19.00bc	215.98±10.27bc
IF2NS2	397.31±11.36b	431.32±12.33b	233.09±6.66b
IF3NS2	311.26±12.22c	337.91±13.27c	182.61±7.17c
ANOVA
IF	**	**	**
NS	**	**	**
IF×NS	**	**	**

主成分 Principal component	特征值 Eigen value	方差贡献率 Variance contribution (%)	累计方差贡献率 Cumulative variance contribution (%)
1	5.33	48.46	48.46
2	2.16	19.66	68.12
3	2.07	18.86	86.98
4	0.95	8.63	95.60
5	0.48	4.40	100.00