畜禽有机肥氮在冬小麦季对化肥氮的相对替代当量

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.02.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】不同类型畜禽有机肥氮素在组分和有效性方面存在明显差异，以化肥氮为参考标准，明晰不同畜禽有机肥氮素相对化肥氮的有效性，可为有机肥合理施用及有机无机科学配施提供理论依据。【方法】选取腐熟风干基猪粪、鸡粪、牛粪及化肥为材料，施氮（N）量均设置6个水平（0、40、80、120、160、200 mg·kg^-1干土），采用田间土柱栽培试验，分析不同肥料处理对冬小麦产量和氮素吸收量的影响，利用作物吸氮量或产量与化肥施氮量之间的响应关系，研究估算3种畜禽有机肥氮素对化肥氮的相对替代当量。【结果】（1）化肥处理和有机肥处理的小麦籽粒和地上部生物量均随施氮水平的提高而增加。在40—120 mg·kg^-1干土施氮水平下，化肥和猪粪处理对籽粒和生物产量的提升幅度高于鸡粪和牛粪；在160—200 mg·kg^-1干土施氮水平下，化肥、猪粪和鸡粪的籽粒产量无显著差异，但均显著高于牛粪处理。（2）等氮条件下，化肥处理对小麦籽粒/地上部氮吸收量的提升幅度高于有机肥处理；3种有机肥相比，小麦地上部氮吸收量由大到小的顺序为猪粪、鸡粪、牛粪；有机肥处理的氮素回收率随施氮水平增加呈先升高后降低趋势，而化肥处理呈逐渐降低的趋势。（3）不同氮水平下，猪粪、鸡粪和牛粪氮的相对替代当量分别为37.7%—84.2%、23.1%—71.0%、11.3%—34.2%（以小麦籽粒产量为参考指标）；49.2%—91.3%、23.3%—78.3%、7.4%—42.2%（地上部生物产量）；31.1%—76.3%、19.8%—67.1%、6.0%—35.7%（籽粒吸氮量）；以及30.8%—97.1%、19.8%—75.6%、7.8%—43.8%（地上部吸氮量）。畜禽有机肥氮的相对替代当量与施氮量之间呈正相关关系（P<0.01）。【结论】有机肥类型和施氮水平均影响有机肥氮的相对替代当量，在一定施氮量范围内，畜禽有机肥氮素替代当量随施氮量的增加而提高；基于小麦籽粒产量/地上部生物量和籽粒氮吸收量/地上部氮吸收量4项参考指标，猪粪、鸡粪和牛粪3种畜禽有机肥氮素的平均相对替代当量分别为59.6%、46.2%和23.6%。

关键词: 畜禽有机肥, 氮素, 冬小麦产量, 氮吸收利用, 相对替代当量

Abstract:

【Objective】The nitrogen (N) fractions and release characteristics varied much among different types of organic manure. Study and estimation on N fertilizer replacement value of different livestock manures with chemical N as a reference could provide a theoretical basis for rational application of organic fertilizer and scientific combination application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. 【Method】In this study, composted pig manure, chicken manure, cattle manure and chemical fertilizer were selected as the research materials. There were six application rates of N set, i.e. 0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 mg·kg^-1 dry soil, respectively. A soil column experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of N derived from manure and chemical fertilizers on wheat yield and N uptake. Furthermore, the relative replacement equivalence of N in three kinds of manure was calculated by using the response between crop N uptake or yield and N application rate. 【Result】 (1) The grain yield and biomass of wheat were increased with the elevated N application rate. When 40-120 mg·kg^-1 dry soil input, the increase of grain and biological yield of chemical fertilizer and pig manure was higher than that of chicken manure and cow manure, while there was no significant difference among grain yield treated with chemical fertilizer, pig manure and chicken manure, except being significantly higher than the cow manure, when N input at 160-200 mg·kg^-1. (2) At the same N input rate, chemical fertilizer could significantly improve wheat grain N uptake and aboveground N uptake compared with manure treatment. For three kinds of manure treatment, the total aboveground N uptake associated with pig manure was the highest, that with chicken manure followed, and that with cow manure was the low. In this study, the N recovery rate under three kinds of manure treatments was firstly increased and then decreased with the elevated N application level, while the N recovery rate of chemical fertilizer showed a gradually decrease trend. (3) When N input at different application levels, the relative N replacement value of pig manure, chicken manure, and cow manure were 37.7%-84.2%, 23.1%-71.0% and 11.3%-34.2%, respectively, with wheat grain yield as a reference index; 49.2%-91.3%, 23.3%-78.3%, 7.4%-42.2% with aboveground biomass as a reference index; 31.1%-76.3%, 19.8%-67.1%, 6.0%-35.7% with grain N uptake as a reference index; 30.8%-97.1%, 19.8%-75.6%, 7.8%-43.8% with aboveground N uptake as a reference index. There was a positive correlation (P<0.01) between the N replacement value of organic manure and N application rate. 【Conclusion】In this study, the relative N replacement value of organic manure was affected by both organic fertilizer types and N application rate. Within a certain range of N application level, the N replacement value of livestock manure increased with the increase of N application level. The average relative equivalent of N replacement by pig manure, chicken manure, and cow manure were 59.6%, 46.2%, and 23.6%, respectively.

Key words: livestock manure, nitrogen, wheat yield, nitrogen uptake and utilization, relative replacement value

徐久凯, 袁亮, 温延臣, 张水勤, 李燕婷, 李海燕, 赵秉强. 畜禽有机肥氮在冬小麦季对化肥氮的相对替代当量[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(2): 300-313.

XU JiuKai, YUAN Liang, WEN YanChen, ZHANG ShuiQin, LI YanTing, LI HaiYan, ZHAO BingQiang. Nitrogen Fertilizer Replacement Value of Livestock Manure in the Winter Wheat Growing Season[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(2): 300-313.

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有机肥 Organic manure	养分含量 Nutrient content (g·kg^-1)				有机碳 Organic C (g·kg^-1)	C/N	半纤维素含量 Cellulose content (g·kg^-1)	中性洗涤纤维素含量 Neutral detergent fiber content (g·kg^-1)	木质素含量 Lignin content (g·kg^-1)
有机肥 Organic manure	全氮 Total N (N)	矿质氮 Mineral N	全磷 Total P (P)	全钾 Total K (K)	有机碳 Organic C (g·kg^-1)	C/N	半纤维素含量 Cellulose content (g·kg^-1)		木质素含量 Lignin content (g·kg^-1)
猪粪 Pig manure	22.32	1.82	31.31	15.12	235.03	10.54	94.01	358.11	93.61
鸡粪 Chicken manure	19.53	0.63	23.02	17.41	181.13	9.28	83.32	330.23	69.22
牛粪 Cattle manure	16.11	0.54	5.74	12.92	210.21	13.06	122.11	459.43	202.81

有机肥 Organic manure	氨基酸氮 Amino acid N		铵态氮 Ammonium N		氨基糖氮 Amino sugar N		酸解未知态 Hydrolysable unidentified N		酸解总氮 Total hydrolysable N		非酸解氮 Non hydrolysable N
有机肥 Organic manure	含量 Content (g·kg^-1)	占总氮比例 Proportion (%)	含量 Content (g·kg^-1)	占总氮比例 Proportion (%)	含量 Content (g·kg^-1)	占总氮比例 Proportion (%)	含量 Content (g·kg^-1)	占总氮比例 Proportion (%)	含量 Content (g·kg^-1)	占总氮比例 Proportion (%)	含量 Content (g·kg^-1)	占总氮比例 Proportion (%)
猪粪 Pig manure	6.96	31.21	1.75	7.85	2.07	9.28	6.08	27.26	16.86	75.60	5.44	24.40
鸡粪 Chicken manure	6.68	34.34	0.39	2.01	3.05	15.68	5.26	27.04	15.38	79.07	4.07	20.93
牛粪 Cattle manure	3.26	20.24	0.35	2.17	5.39	33.46	3.12	19.37	12.12	75.23	3.99	24.77

项目 Items	施氮量N rate (mg·kg^-1 dry soil)	猪粪 Pig manure	鸡粪 Chicken manure	牛粪 Cattle manure	化肥 Chemical fertilizer
籽粒产量 Grain yield (g/pot)	0	72.3±6.7 d A	72.3±6.7 e A	72.3±6.7 c A	72.3±6.7 d A
	40	78.7±4.9 cd B	76.6±7.5 de BC	75.0±4.9 c C	89.2±7.1 c A
	80	86.7±6.8 bc AB	84.3±6.8 cd BC	76.9±5.7 bc C	95.3±5.2 bc A
	120	93.9±9.3b AB	91.7±5.1 bc B	84.8±5.0 ab B	104.2±6.4 b A
	160	106.7±9.3 a A	103.6±13.1 a AB	90.8±17.4 a B	109.4±5.5 a A
	200	107.6±9.8 a A	98.5±8.7 ab A	88.1±5.1 a B	102.4±1.8 bc A
生物产量 Wheat biomass (g/pot)	0	142.5±11.6 c A	142.5±11.6 d A	142.5±11.6 c A	142.5±11.6 d A
	40	158.4±12.5 b B	151.7±16.6 cd B	147.4±12.8 bc B	174.2±15.7 c A
	80	173.0±16.0 b AB	173.6±10.5 bc AB	154.3±16.0abc B	183.6±10.7 bc A
	120	186.0±19.2 b AB	189.6±11.4 ab AB	170.4±7.9 ab B	193.3±9.8 ab A
	160	204.2±12.0 a A	201.3±11.7 a AB	183.6±32.4 a B	207.4±11.1 a A
	200	205.5±18.5 a A	193.5±18.1abc AB	175.1±13.6 a B	196.5±4.4 bc AB

项目 Items	施氮量 N rate (mg·kg^-1 dry soil)	猪粪 Pig manure	鸡粪 Chicken manure	牛粪 Cattle manure	化肥 Chemical fertilizer
穗数 Number of ears (No./pot)	0	42±2 d A	42±2 e A	42±2 c A	42±2 c A
	40	49±3 c AB	45±7 de BC	42±4 bc C	51±3 b A
	80	51±6 bc A	47±3 cd AB	44±5 bc B	51±4 ab A
	120	53±5 bc A	52±5 bc A	46±4 ab B	53±6 ab A
	160	60±9 a A	59±9 a A	51±7 a B	57±6 a A
	200	57±4 ab A	55±6 ab A	50±3 a B	53±3 ab A
穗粒数 Grain No.per ear (No./ear)	0	35±2 ab A	35±2 a A	35±2 ab A	35±2 a A
	40	31±2 b B	33±1 a AB	35±3 ab AB	37±3 a A
	80	33±1 ab C	35±1 aAB	34±3 b BC	37±1 a A
	120	35±2 ab A	35±1 a A	36±6 a A	37±2 a A
	160	35±5 ab A	35±2 a A	35±3 ab A	38±2 a A
	200	37±1 a A	35±3 a A	35±2 a A	38±2 a A
千粒重 Thousand seed weight (g)	0	50.02±2.38 a A	50.02±2.38 a A	50.02±2.38 a A	50.02±2.38 a A
	40	51.19±0.86 a A	51.37±1.24 a A	51.03±2.02 a A	50.98±1.20 a A
	80	51.17±1.90 a A	51.05±0.95 a A	51.38±1.59 a A	50.62±1.09 a A
	120	51.07±1.43 a A	51.45±1.25 a A	50.72±1.04 a A	50.86±0.99 a A
	160	51.36±1.31 a A	50.79±1.11 a A	51.19±1.14 a A	50.82±1.79 a A
	200	51.66±2.10 a A	50.52±0.48 a A	50.29±1.38 a A	50.94±1.37 a A

项目 Items		施氮量 N rate (mg·kg^-1 dry soil)	猪粪 Pig manure	鸡粪 Chicken manure	牛粪 Cattle manure	化肥 Chemical fertilizer
氮素吸收量 N uptake (g/pot)	秸秆 Straw	0	0.23±0.02 d A	0.23±0.02 b A	0.23±0.02 b A	0.23±0.02 d A
		40	0.23±0.03 d AB	0.23±0.03 b B	0.24±0.03 ab AB	0.25±0.05 cd A
		80	0.26±0.03 cd A	0.24±0.04 b A	0.26±0.01 ab A	0.27±0.06 bc A
		120	0.33±0.05 bc A	0.31±0.04 a A	0.27±0.06 ab A	0.30±0.01 bc A
		160	0.43±0.04 ab AB	0.35±0.03 a B	0.32±0.11 a B	0.43±0.04 a A
		200	0.45±0.09 a A	0.33±0.08 a BC	0.30±0.04 ab C	0.38±0.04 b AB
	籽粒 Grain	0	1.27±0.12 c A	1.27±0.12 e A	1.27±0.12 c A	1.27±0.12 d A
		40	1.40±0.09 b A	1.36±0.12 de B	1.31±0.09 c B	1.64±0.09 c A
		80	1.59±0.08 b B	1.49±0.12 cd BC	1.43±0.19 bc C	1.86±0.10 bc A
		120	1.80±0.20 b B	1.65±0.11 bc B	1.53±0.10 a B	1.98±0.11 b A
		160	1.97±0.25 a B	1.93±0.30 a BC	1.72±0.30 a C	2.12±0.22 a A
		200	1.96±0.09 a A	1.72±0.14 ab B	1.57±0.08 ab C	1.94±0.08 b AB
	地上部 Aboveground	0	1.50±0.13 c A	1.50±0.08 d A	1.50±0.08 d A	1.50±0.08 d A
		40	1.63±0.01 b B	1.59±0.14 cd C	1.55±0.09 d C	1.89±0.08 c A
		80	1.84±0.10 b B	1.72±0.12 c BC	1.68±0.30 cd C	2.11±0.13 bc A
		120	2.13±0.25 b B	1.96±0.25 b B	1.80±0.11 b B	2.28±0.12 b A
		160	2.39±0.12 a B	2.28±0.13 a C	2.03±0.34 a C	2.55±0.tidia 23 a A
		200	2.41±0.32 a A	2.05±0.23 ab B	1.87±0.02 bc C	2.32±0.07 ab A
氮素收获指数 NHI (%)		0	84.1±1.2 ab A	84.1±1.2 ab A	84.1±1.2 ab A	84.1±1.2ab A
		40	85.9±1.9 ab A	87.5±0.7 a A	84.6±1.8 ab A	86.9±2.6 a A
		80	86.1±1.2 a A	86.3±2.3 a A	85.0±2.2 ab A	87.2±6.2 a A
		120	84.4±1.5 b A	84.0±0.8 ab A	85.3±2.8 a A	86.9±0.6 a A
		160	82.2±2.7 b A	84.6±1.4 ab A	84.4±4.1 b A	83.0±1.9 b A
		200	81.5±2.5 b A	83.8±0.8 b A	84.0±1.9 ab A	83.8±2.0 b A