氮肥缓速配施对机插杂交稻氮素利用特征的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探索在西南稻区,钵苗机插和氮肥缓速配施能否发挥杂交籼稻的大穗优势获得高产,以及钵苗机插杂交稻在氮肥缓速配施下的氮素吸收利用特征,为我国杂交水稻育插秧节肥丰产技术的应用提供理论和实践依据。【方法】本试验采用二因素裂区设计,主区为钵苗机插和毯苗机插2种机插方式,分别记为M₁和M₂;副区为4种氮肥管理模式,分别是N₁（100%缓释肥一次基施）,N₂（70%缓释肥+30%尿素一次基施（缓速基施））和N₃（70%缓释肥做基肥+30%尿素做穗肥（缓基速追））,其中,施肥处理的总施氮量均为150 kg·hm^-2,另设一个不施氮肥的处理作为对照,记为N₀;以F优498为试验材料,以毯苗机插和缓释肥一次基施为参照,研究钵苗机插和氮肥缓速配施下的杂交籼稻氮素吸收利用特征。【结果】与毯苗机插相比,钵苗机插杂交籼稻拔节至抽穗阶段的氮素吸收速率显著加快了0.49—1.33 kg·hm^-2·d^-1,抽穗至成熟阶段的茎叶氮素转运量、转运率以及氮素转运对穗部的贡献率均显著提高,抽穗期和成熟期植株的氮素吸收量分别显著提高了12.63%和5.20%;干物质、稻谷生产效率和氮素收获指数分别提高了8.19—11.39、0.66—5.72和5.41—6.42个百分点;氮肥农学利用率、生理利用率和偏生产力平均分别提高了12.62%、11.94%和8.69%,有效穗数和每穗粒数也显著提高,2016年和2017年的平均产量分别提高了1 042.4 kg·hm^-2和722.3 kg·hm^-2（增产幅度分别达到10.30%和7.2%）。在钵苗机插下,与缓释肥一次性基施相比,缓速基施降低了抽穗期和成熟期的氮素积累量,加快了播种至拔节阶段的氮素吸收速率和积累量,但拔节至抽穗阶段显著降低,造成氮肥回收利用率和生理利用率明显降低,此外,它还降低了每穗粒数和单位面积颖花数,导致2年的平均产量下降了3.66%;而缓基速追在抽穗期和成熟期氮素积累量分别提高了2.34%和1.80%,拔节至抽穗阶段氮素吸收速率和吸收量分别提高了0.60 kg·hm^-2·d^-1和18.01 kg·hm^-2,氮肥回收利用率提高了2.84个百分点,农学利用率、生理利用率和偏生产力分别提高了12.54%、7.91%和52.55%,其每穗粒数和单位面积颖花数也得到了显著提高,最终产量显著提高了4.61%。【结论】钵苗机插杂交籼稻在氮素利用效率方面比毯苗具有明显优势,而且采用“缓基速追”的施肥方式,能进一步提升钵苗机插杂交籼稻氮素的吸收与转运能力,进而提高了产量。

关键词: 杂交籼稻, 钵苗机插, 缓速配施, 氮素利用

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to investigate using the big panicle advantage of indica hybrid rice to obtain a high-yield under the potted machine-transplanted and combined application of slow release nitrogen (N) fertilizer and urea, and to explore N utilization characteristics of the potted-seedling machine-transplanted hybrid indica rice in the Southwest rice region, so as to provide the theoretical and practical basis for the technology of saving-fertilizer and high-yield of machine-transplanted hybrid rice seedling in China. 【Method】 A 2-year split-plot experiment (2016-2017) was conducted in Meishan, Sichuan province, China. In the experiment, two machine-transplanted methods was set, including potted-seedling (M₁) and blanket-seedling (M₂), and four N treatments were set, including 150 kg·hm^-2 slow release N fertilizer (SRNF) as a base (N₁), 105 kg·hm^-2SRNF + 45 kg·hm^-2urea as a base (N₂, SBUB), 105 kg·hm^-2SRNF as a base + 45 kg·hm^-2 urea at the panicle initiation stage (N₃, SBUP), and another treatment without N fertilizer as a control (N₀). F-you 498 was the experimental variety, and the blanket-seedling machine-transplanted method and 100% slow-release N fertilizer as base were the reference. The N utilization characteristics of hybrid indica rice under the potted-seedling machine-transplanted and slow and rapid N fertilizer combined application were studied.【Result】Compared with the blanket-seedling rice, the potted-seedling significantly accelerated the N absorption rate by 0.49-1.33 kg·hm^-2·d^-1 from elongation stage to heading stage; The potted-seedling improved N transportation and N transportation efficiency of stems and leaves, and the contribution rate of N transportation from heading to maturity; The potted-seedling increased the N accumulation at heading and maturity by 12.63% and 5.20%, respectively; The potted-seedling increased N use efficiency for biomass production and grain yield, and N harvest index by 8.19-11.39, 0.66-5.72 and 5.41-6.42 percentage points, respectively; The potted-seedling improved N agronomic efficiency, N physiological efficiency, and partial factor productivity by 12.62%, 11.94% and 8.69%, respectively; The potted-seedling improved the effective panicles and spikelets per panicle, and improved the yield on 1 042.4 kg·hm^-2 and 722.3 kg·hm^-2, and increased by 10.3% and 7.2%, in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Under the potted-seedling, compared with 100% SRNF as base, SBUB decreased the N accumulation at heading stage and maturity stage, accelerated the N absorption rate and N accumulation from sowing stage to elongation stage, but decreased them from elongation to heading; N recovery efficiency, N physiological efficiency, the spikelets per panicle and spikelets per unit area under SBUB were significantly decreased, then the mean yield of 2 years decreased by 3.66%. Conversely, compared with 100% SRNF as base, SBUP increased the N accumulation at heading and maturity by 2.34% and 1.80%, respectively; SBUP improved the N absorption rate by 0.60 kg·hm^-2·d^-1 and N accumulation by 18.01 kg·hm^-2 from elongation to heading; N recovery efficiency under SBUP were improved by 2.84 percentage points, and N agronomic efficiency, N physiological efficiency, and partial factor productivity by 12.54%, 7.91% and 52.55%, respectively; SBUP improved the spikelets per panicle and spikelets per unit area, then the yield improved by 4.61%.【Conclusion】Compared with the blanket-seedling, the potted-seedling had obvious advantages on N utilization efficiency, and SBUP could further enhance its N absorption and transfer capacity, then improved indica hybrid rice yield.

Key words: hybrid indica rice, potted-seedling machine-transplanted, slow and rapid nitrogen fertilizer combined application, nitrogen utilization

吕腾飞,谌洁,马鹏,代邹,杨志远,徐徽,郑传刚,马均. 氮肥缓速配施对机插杂交稻氮素利用特征的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(7): 1410-1423.

LÜ TengFei,SHEN Jie,MA Peng,DAI Zou,YANG ZhiYuan,XU Hui,ZHENG ChuanGang,MA Jun. Effects of Combined Application of Slow Release Nitrogen Fertilizer and Urea on the Nitrogen Utilization Characteristics in Machine- Transplanted Hybrid Rice[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(7): 1410-1423.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.008

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2021/V54/I7/1410

图/表 10

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表1

表2

表3

表4

表5

表6

氮肥缓速配施对2种机插杂交稻氮素转运特性的影响"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	氮素转运率 N transportation efficiency (%)		氮素转运对穗部的贡献率 Contribution rate of N transportation (%)	干物质生产效率 N use efficiency for biomass production (kg·kg^-1)	稻谷生产效率 N use efficiency for grain yield (kg·kg^-1)	氮素收获指数 N harvest index (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	茎鞘 Stem-sheath	叶片 Leaf	氮素转运对穗部的贡献率 Contribution rate of N transportation (%)	干物质生产效率 N use efficiency for biomass production (kg·kg^-1)	稻谷生产效率 N use efficiency for grain yield (kg·kg^-1)	氮素收获指数 N harvest index (%)
2016	M₁N₀	27.98±0.75c	66.64±1.04c	44.91±1.30c	139.03±1.01b	55.33±1.55a	73.21±0.39a
	M₁N₁	50.08±0.81a	69.39±0.71b	89.47±1.50a	132.92±0.26c	51.46±0.51c	68.72±0.40c
	M₁N₂	44.89±1.08ab	68.38±0.58b	77.65±1.10b	145.64±0.71a	54.18±0.98ab	69.68±0.11bc
	M₁N₃	42.00±0.51b	74.34±1.24a	91.29±2.72a	130.10±0.60c	52.46±0.80bc	70.02±0.37b
	M₂N₀	13.36±2.71c	52.54±0.46d	30.26±1.32d	129.50±2.29a	54.07±0.52a	69.81±1.19a
	M₂N₁	23.01±2.74b	65.23±0.68a	73.50±1.97b	122.54±2.90b	49.17±1.28b	63.89±0.17b
	M₂N₂	9.69±1.74c	62.29±0.73b	54.60±0.82c	126.96±0.23a	50.15±0.57b	63.62±0.44b
	M₂N₃	35.79±3.16a	59.85±0.77c	86.67±1.76a	127.23±0.25a	48.49±0.23b	61.06±0.04c
	M	441.98**	262.13**	171.53**	202.50**	58.86*	629.25**
	N	30.67**	41.48**	599.12**	14.82**	11.31**	53.50**
	M×N	17.87**	22.91**	16.72**	8.85**	1.24ns	10.18**
2017	M₁N₀	25.57±2.70c	53.20±0.98d	32.27±0.90c	146.40±4.18a	50.73±0.11a	71.58±0.51a
	M₁N₁	56.20±0.47a	62.66±1.12c	79.06±2.38a	145.45±0.19a	47.20±0.45c	69.53±0.10b
	M₁N₂	36.46±1.85b	66.76±0.54b	65.39±2.13b	149.30±1.70a	51.58±0.75a	69.73±0.29b
	M₁N₃	38.16±1.14b	72.64±0.65a	78.23±2.44a	132.69±0.70b	48.92±1.01b	69.88±0.33b
	M₂N₀	3.92±2.55d	41.78±1.23d	17.77±0.09c	128.86±4.39ab	51.85±0.29a	69.05±0.74a
	M₂N₁	18.14±2.70b	61.41±0.06b	58.17±2.38b	124.22±0.51b	47.52±0.45b	64.89±0.44b
	M₂N₂	10.36±0.70c	65.68±0.92a	57.46±0.98b	127.83±2.49ab	50.14±0.65a	64.66±0.68b
	M₂N₃	30.34±1.91a	60.79±0.42b	71.38±1.26a	134.26±1.16a	47.62±0.33b	63.36±0.53c
	M	146.60**	391.46**	72.26*	37.02*	0.35ns	224.07**
	N	55.92**	212.10**	392.87**	1.94ns	23.48**	19.23**
	M×N	20.93**	23.94**	8.37**	10.32**	2.49ns	4.66*

表6

表7

表8

氮肥缓速配施对2种机插杂交稻产量及其构成的影响"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Panicle (×10⁴ hm^-2)	每穗粒数 No. of spikelet per panicle	结实率 Grain filling percentage (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield ( kg·hm^-2)	单穗重 Panicle weight (g)	收获指数 Harvest index (%)
2016	M₁N₀	164.80±3.20c	170.34±1.35d	92.68±0.18a	31.59±0.01a	7647.32±191.73c	4.99±0.04c	61.09a
	M₁N₁	259.21±3.64a	190.43±2.04b	87.52±0.55c	30.83±0.17c	12057.53±175.03b	5.14±0.06b	58.72b
	M₁N₂	250.16±0.24b	183.67±3.74c	89.33±0.46b	30.73±0.16c	11665.74±182.51b	5.04±0.10bc	57.59b
	M₁N₃	263.95±4.42a	197.27±2.65a	87.88±0.36c	31.25±0.10b	12608.57±197.97a	5.42±0.06a	59.35ab
	M₂N₀	173.75±1.50b	162.35±1.50c	89.34±0.04a	30.87±0.14a	7066.64±123.93c	4.48±0.04c	60.45a
	M₂N₁	237.64±3.37a	186.55±2.03a	86.04±0.65b	30.60±0.09b	10830.51±272.57b	4.91±0.05ab	55.49b
	M₂N₂	235.83±1.80a	179.36±1.84b	86.82±0.31b	30.53±0.20b	10501.40±159.28b	4.75±0.06b	54.82b
	M₂N₃	240.56±0.92a	191.68±1.88a	86.02±0.19b	30.69±0.06ab	11410.96±151.36a	5.06±0.05a	55.09b
	M	110.55**	34.10*	78.34*	571.60**	272.61**	756.27**	104.74**
	N	334.08**	53.39**	84.00**	27.84**	267.08**	23.22**	11.89**
	M×N	11.86**	0.31ns	3.69*	6.00**	1.43ns	1.92ns	1.70ns
2017	M₁N₀	160.79±2.87b	165.62±2.64c	96.26±0.67a	31.31±0.03a	7336.30±169.64d	4.99±0.10b	59.36a
	M₁N₁	260.10±5.46a	175.54±2.09b	94.66±0.99ab	29.71±0.12bc	11636.94±176.42b	4.94±0.10bc	57.50bc
	M₁N₂	252.80±5.63a	171.46±2.36b	91.87±3.56b	29.64±0.20c	11191.95±256.75c	4.73±0.21c	56.25c
	M₁N₃	256.03±3.04a	183.52±1.67a	94.95±0.67ab	30.14±0.12b	12178.10±187.51a	5.25±0.10a	57.79ab
	M₂N₀	164.35±0.93c	152.05±1.35c	97.08±0.43a	31.25±0.37a	6889.11±145.79c	4.62±0.04b	58.90a
	M₂N₁	243.06±4.88ab	171.69±1.68b	93.85±1.01ab	29.78±0.29b	10794.88±111.85ab	4.82±0.05ab	55.25b
	M₂N₂	234.95±0.23b	166.68±3.02b	95.78±0.28a	29.94±0.06b	10527.79±198.08b	4.78±0.11ab	55.14b
	M₂N₃	247.44±2.61a	178.14±2.46a	91.78±1.51b	30.09±0.21b	11242.41±171.13a	4.91±0.06a	54.71b
	M	30.90*	7.62ns	0.04ns	1.02ns	52.26*	4.19ns	40.34*
	N	239.15**	42.39**	1.96ns	23.35**	233.49**	4.42*	11.55**
	M×N	3.14ns	2.49ns	1.99ns	0.35ns	0.61ns	2.11ns	1.65ns

表8

表9

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年份 Year	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	全磷 Total P (g·kg^-1)	全钾 Total K (g·kg^-1)	速效氮 Available N (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
2016	6.98	36.93	2.30	0.98	3.36	124.16	22.89	106.97
2017	6.70	27.87	2.08	1.03	3.08	100.36	31.93	96.81

年份 Year	育秧方式 Seedling-raising method	播种期 Seeding time	移栽期 Transplanting time	拔节期 Elongation stage	抽穗期 Heading stage	成熟期 Maturity stage
2016	钵苗 Potted	03-20	04-17	06-06	07-04	08-22
2016	毯苗 Blanket	03-20	04-17	06-07	07-08	08-24
2017	钵苗 Potted	03-25	04-23	06-02	07-08	08-18
2017	毯苗 Blanket	03-25	04-23	06-04	07-10	08-20

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	拔节期 Elongation stage	抽穗期 Heading stage	成熟期 Maturity stage
2016	M₁N₀	27.20±0.53d	93.07±1.33d	138.24±1.25d
	M₁N₁	87.08±2.15b	220.60±0.81b	234.28±1.62b
	M₁N₂	93.50±1.37a	188.59±0.78c	215.34±0.83c
	M₁N₃	70.60±2.14c	229.21±3.46a	240.34±0.49a
	M₂N₀	40.71±0.64d	79.77±1.83d	130.67±1.49d
	M₂N₁	84.97±0.86b	191.60±3.37b	220.27±1.42b
	M₂N₂	90.35±0.71a	161.51±1.05c	209.40±2.16c
	M₂N₃	76.95±0.77c	221.13±5.70a	235.36±4.20a
	M	20.50*	134.29**	225.03**
	N	787.38**	346.68**	908.66**
	M×N	17.72**	9.42**	1.71ns
2017	M₁N₀	27.30±0.11d	87.08±2.29c	144.60±3.16c
	M₁N₁	92.64±1.55b	216.92±1.92a	246.55±1.97a
	M₁N₂	102.02±2.36a	174.79±4.52b	216.91±1.99b
	M₁N₃	83.41±2.45c	218.62±4.53a	249.01±3.08a
	M₂N₀	31.39±1.00c	71.90±1.06d	132.85±2.29d
	M₂N₁	91.24±1.36a	177.83±2.73b	227.15±0.75b
	M₂N₂	94.93±3.01a	162.98±2.69c	210.06±4.96c
	M₂N₃	84.62±0.82b	202.21±3.34a	236.07±2.30a
	M	0.60ns	215.94**	654.57**
	N	662.11**	904.02**	551.82**
	M×N	3.74*	10.11**	1.61ns

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	氮素积累速率 N accumulation rate (kg·hm^-2·d^-1)			氮素积累比例 N accumulation ratio (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	播种—拔节 Sowing to elongation	拔节—抽穗 Elongation to heading	抽穗—成熟 Heading to maturity	播种—拔节 Sowing to elongation	拔节—抽穗 Elongation to heading	抽穗—成熟 Heading to maturity
2016	M₁N₀	0.35±0.01d	2.35±0.03d	0.92±0.03a	19.68±0.30d	47.66±0.87c	32.67±1.06a
	M₁N₁	1.12±0.03b	4.77±0.10b	0.28±0.04c	37.16±0.67b	57.01±1.51b	5.83±0.85c
	M₁N₂	1.20±0.02a	3.40±0.05c	0.55±0.03b	43.42±0.71a	44.16±0.75d	12.42±0.70b
	M₁N₃	0.91±0.03c	5.66±0.08a	0.23±0.07c	29.37±0.86c	66.00±1.04a	4.63±1.48c
	M₂N₀	0.52±0.01d	1.26±0.06d	1.08±0.06a	31.17±0.82c	29.90±1.55d	38.93±1.76a
	M₂N₁	1.08±0.01b	3.44±0.11b	0.61±0.04b	38.58±0.44b	48.39±1.17b	13.03±0.97c
	M₂N₂	1.14±0.01a	2.30±0.05c	1.02±0.03a	43.16±0.75a	33.97±0.37c	22.86±0.43b
	M₂N₃	0.97±0.01c	4.65±0.20a	0.30±0.03c	32.73±0.87c	61.20±1.63a	6.07±0.76d
	M	9.21ns	196.32**	86.12*	190.45**	125.75**	96.84*
	N	771.49**	506.80**	160.60**	204.77**	255.15**	508.37**
	M×N	18.15**	1.11ns	11.28**	22.80**	13.20**	9.67**
2017	M₁N₀	0.40±0.01d	1.66±0.06d	1.40±0.02a	18.90±0.44d	41.31±0.71c	39.79±0.28a
	M₁N₁	1.34±0.02b	3.45±0.09b	0.72±0.09c	37.57±0.34b	50.43±1.69b	12.00±1.41c
	M₁N₂	1.48±0.03a	2.02±0.07c	1.03±0.07b	47.02±0.67a	33.54±1.02d	19.44±1.39b
	M₁N₃	1.21±0.04c	3.76±0.06a	0.74±0.08c	33.49±0.69c	54.31±0.83a	12.21±1.37c
	M₂N₀	0.44±0.01c	1.13±0.01d	1.49±0.03a	23.62±0.55d	30.50±0.41c	45.87±0.32a
	M₂N₁	1.29±0.02a	2.41±0.10b	1.20±0.08b	40.16±0.48b	38.13±1.78b	21.71±1.44b
	M₂N₂	1.34±0.04a	1.89±0.06c	1.15±0.06b	45.21±1.31a	32.41±0.87c	22.38±0.75b
	M₂N₃	1.19±0.01b	3.27±0.07a	0.83±0.04c	35.85±0.14c	49.80±0.64a	14.35±0.71c
	M	7.91ns	113.62**	27.63*	28.89*	61.40*	41.16*
	N	653.02**	432.46**	40.13**	546.40**	157.13**	358.70**
	M×N	4.99*	17.03**	4.75*	9.36**	14.64**	6.01**

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	拔节—抽穗 Elongation to heading			抽穗—成熟 Heading to maturity
		氮素积累量 N accumulation			氮素转运量 N transportation		氮素积累量 N accumulation
		茎鞘 Stem-sheath	叶片 Leaf	穗部 Panicle	茎鞘 Stem-sheath	叶片 Leaf	穗部 Panicle
2016	M₁N₀	22.54±0.52c	24.07±1.06d	20.69±0.15a	9.00±0.31c	27.78±1.20d	81.95±1.61c
	M₁N₁	51.24±0.79a	50.89±3.17b	14.23±0.10d	39.96±1.17a	75.96±1.85b	129.60±1.44a
	M₁N₂	33.49±1.03b	31.17±0.66c	16.14±0.26c	29.25±1.03b	63.61±0.73c	119.61±1.31b
	M₁N₃	51.40±0.27a	66.45±2.30a	17.78±0.44b	30.84±0.56b	85.55±2.93a	127.52±1.60a
	M₂N₀	11.65±0.16d	9.06±1.47d	22.99±0.20a	3.49±0.69c	18.50±0.82c	72.90±2.54b
	M₂N₁	27.73±0.34b	46.45±2.75b	16.94±0.28bc	13.20±1.65b	66.41±1.05a	108.28±1.15a
	M₂N₂	18.01±1.14c	25.39±1.93c	17.19±0.49b	4.78±0.94c	52.79±1.25b	105.46±1.07a
	M₂N₃	48.89±3.84a	58.97±2.52a	16.45±0.47c	26.44±3.49a	66.73±0.90a	107.39±2.68a
	M	126.11**	13.21ns	7.37ns	154.23**	82.64*	959.23**
	N	177.24**	280.36**	268.34**	85.59**	789.54**	197.52**
	M×N	15.98**	3.68*	28.96**	29.18**	7.07**	4.15*
2017	M₁N₀	23.32±1.00c	17.91±1.13c	21.29±0.46a	8.38±1.07d	19.09±0.52d	84.99±2.46c
	M₁N₀	53.20±1.35a	40.81±1.35b	13.95±0.21c	47.37±0.80a	64.16±1.41b	141.16±1.78a
	M₁N₁	22.08±2.14c	21.12±2.46c	16.91±0.18b	21.15±1.95c	58.39±1.35c	121.66±0.28b
	M₁N₂	44.22±1.98b	56.59±2.95a	15.74±0.79d	27.28±1.31b	81.93±3.16a	139.59±0.02a
	M₁N₃	15.26±0.91c	7.62±1.11d	24.52±0.71a	0.99±0.67d	12.18±0.47c	74.12±1.63c
	M₂N₀	21.46±1.07b	35.49±2.91b	16.66±0.59b	9.55±1.60b	58.88±0.97b	117.76±1.49a
	M₂N₁	16.73±0.52c	25.97±1.61c	15.56±0.11b	5.04±0.35c	58.42±1.74b	110.54±4.05b
	M₂N₂	35.59±1.22a	50.77±0.62a	15.44±0.30b	19.48±1.67a	65.02±1.00a	118.36±2.45a
	M	270.63**	15.81ns	8.48ns	268.98**	1262.75**	367.75**
	N	117.31**	177.93**	117.03**	134.05**	603.87**	215.16**
	M×N	35.41**	5.76*	11.29**	60.49**	11.85**	4.24*