氮磷钾用量对基质培茄子产量、根系形态和根际微生物数量与酶活性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.21.012

中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (21): 4623-4634.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.21.012

氮磷钾用量对基质培茄子产量、根系形态和根际微生物数量与酶活性的影响

郜永博¹(),王世显¹,魏珉¹,李静¹,高中强⁴,孟伦⁵,杨凤娟^1,^2,^3,^*()

¹山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院/作物生物学国家重点实验室,山东泰安 271018
²农业农村部黄淮地区园艺作物生物学与种质创制重点实验室,山东泰安 271018
³山东果蔬优质高效生产协同创新中心,山东泰安 271018
⁴山东省农业技术推广总站,济南 250100
⁵山东狮克现代农业投资有限公司,山东菏泽 274051

收稿日期:2021-01-17 接受日期:2021-04-19 出版日期:2021-11-01 发布日期:2021-11-09
联系方式: 联系方式：郜永博,E-mail： 1158840500@qq.com。
基金资助:
“十三五”国家重点研发计划(2019YFD1001904);国家自然科学基金(31672169);宁夏瓜菜产业技术协同创新中心(2017DC55);2020年度山东省重点扶持区域引进急需紧缺人才项目(鲁发改动能办[2020]1285号);山东农业大学“双一流”科技创新团队设施园艺优势团队专项(SYL2017YSTD07)

Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Dosage on the Yield, Root Morphology, Rhizosphere Microbial Quantity and Enzyme Activity of Eggplant Under Substrate Cultivation

GAO YongBo¹(),WANG ShiXian¹,WEI Min¹,LI Jing¹,GAO ZhongQiang⁴,MENG Lun⁵,YANG FengJuan^1,^2,^3,^*()

¹College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong;
²Huanghuai Region Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai’an 271018, Shandong;
³Shandong Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable, Tai’an 271018, Shandong;
⁴Shandong Agricultural Technology Extending Station, Ji’nan 250100;
⁵Shandong Shike Modern Agricultural Investment Co., Ltd., Heze 274051, Shandong

Received:2021-01-17 Accepted:2021-04-19 Published:2021-11-01 Online:2021-11-09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究日光温室基质培条件下,不同氮磷钾用量对茄子产量、根系生长和根际基质中微生物数量及酶活性的影响,为基质培茄子氮磷钾养分合理施用提供理论依据。【方法】采用基质槽栽和水肥一体化滴灌方式,以前期试验得到的基质配方沙子:炉渣:菇渣=6:3:1（体积比）为栽培基质,以不施肥处理为对照（CK）,以目标产量施肥量（目标产量施肥量=（目标产量需肥量-基质中速效养分含量）/化肥利用率）设定100%施肥量（F4）,在此基础上,分别减少60%（F1）、40%（F2）、20%（F3）及增加20%（F5）和40%（F6）施肥量,研究氮磷钾用量对茄子产量、根系发育和根际基质微生物数量和酶活性的影响。【结果】茄子单株产量随氮磷钾用量增加呈先增高后降低的趋势,较CK增产幅度为101.1%—212.9%,F3处理下单株产量最高,比CK高212.9%（P<0.05）。根际基质中微生物以细菌为主,其次为放线菌,真菌较少。定植90 d后,随氮磷钾施用量增加,茄子根际基质中速效氮、磷、钾含量逐渐增加,细菌、真菌和放线菌数量,蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,F3处理下均较高,高氮磷钾处理（F4、F5和F6）下脲酶活性较高;根系活力、根系总长度和根系表面积呈先增加后降低的趋势,在F2处理下较高,分别较CK增加109.2%、49.2%和46.5%,差异显著。细菌数量与基质酶活性呈显著正相关,脲酶活性与速效氮、磷、钾含量呈极显著正相关,过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶活性与速效磷、钾含量呈显著正相关;细菌数量、过氧化氢酶活性与根系活力和产量呈极显著正相关,脲酶活性、速效磷、速效钾含量与根系活力和产量呈显著正相关,根系活力与单株产量呈极显著正相关。【结论】在沙子:炉渣:菇渣=6:3:1（体积比）的栽培基质条件下,日光温室冬春茬茄子的适宜氮磷钾用量分别为N 180.6 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 212.1 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 434.9 kg·hm^-2,依此量施肥有利于茄子产量、根系活力和基质微生物数量及酶活性的提高,可为茄子生长提供良好的微生态环境。

关键词: 茄子, 基质培, 氮磷钾肥, 产量, 根系形态, 微生物数量, 酶活性

Abstract:

【Objective】The effects of different levels of NPK on eggplant yield and roots growth as well as rhizosphere microbial numbers and enzyme activities were studied, so as to provide the theoretical basis for the scientific management of NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) for the eggplant cultivation by using substrate in solar greenhouse. 【Method】 Substrate trough with sand, slag and mushroom residue (6:3:1, V:V:V) obtained from the previous experiment and drip irrigation integrated with water and fertilizer were used. There were six treatments with fertilization dosage and 100% fertilization dosage (F4) was considered as required by the target yield (fertilization dosage of the target yield = (fertilizer required by target yield - available nutrient content in substrate ) / fertilizer utilization rate), based on the 100% fertilization dosage of F4, the fertilization dosage was reduced by 60% (F1), 40% (F2), 20% (F3) and increased by 20% (F5) and 40% (F6), respectively, and no fertilization treatment was control (CK). The effects of NPK dosage on the yield and roots growth of eggplant as well as rhizosphere microbial numbers and enzyme activity were studied. 【Result】 The eggplant yield was increased firstly and then decreased with the increasing of NPK dosage. Compared with CK, the yield per plant under all treatments increased by 101.1%-212.9%. The eggplant under F3 treatment showed the highest yield per plant and was increased by 212.9% compared with CK. Bacteria were the main microbial in the rhizosphere substrate of eggplants, followed by actinomycetes and fungi. After 90 days of transplanting, with the increasing of NPK dosage, the contents of available NPK in the substrate were increased, the numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi, the activities of sucrase, catalase and alkaline phosphatase in rhizosphere substrate were increased firstly and then decreased, the values of which were higher under F3 treatment and the urease activity was higher under F4, F5 and F6 than that under other treatments. The root activity, total root length and root surface area of eggplant were increased first and then decreased with the increasing of NPK dosage. Notably, the root activity, total root length and root surface area of eggplant under F2 treatment were increased significantly by 109.2%, 49.2% and 46.5% compared with CK, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between bacteria number and the enzyme activities in rhizosphere substrate. The urease activity showed extremely significant positive correlation with the contents of available NPK. The activities of catalase and alkaline phosphatase showed significant positive correlation with the contents of available phosphorus and potassium. The number of bacteria, catalase activities showed significant positive correlation with root activity and yield per plant, while urease activity, available phosphorus and potassium content showed significant positive correlation with root activity and yield. The root activity showed extremely significant positive correlation with yield. 【Conclusion】 In summary, the optimal fertilizer dosage for the eggplant cultivation using the mixture of sand, slag and mushroom residue in winter-spring crop in solar greenhouse was N 180.6 kg·hm^-2, P₂O₅ 212.1 kg·hm^-2and K₂O 434.9 kg·hm^-2, which was important to increase the yield of eggplants, root activity, rhizosphere microbial numbers and enzyme activity, and could provide a good micro ecological environment for eggplant growth.

Key words: eggplant, substrate cultivation, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, yield, root morphology, microbial number, enzyme activity

郜永博,王世显,魏珉,李静,高中强,孟伦,杨凤娟. 氮磷钾用量对基质培茄子产量、根系形态和根际微生物数量与酶活性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(21): 4623-4634.

GAO YongBo,WANG ShiXian,WEI Min,LI Jing,GAO ZhongQiang,MENG Lun,YANG FengJuan. Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Dosage on the Yield, Root Morphology, Rhizosphere Microbial Quantity and Enzyme Activity of Eggplant Under Substrate Cultivation[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(21): 4623-4634.

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处理Treatment	幼苗期每15 d施肥量 Fertilization dosage of 15 days at the seedling stage			结果期每15 d施肥量 Fertilization dosage of 15 days at fruiting stage			总施肥量 Total fertilization dosage
处理Treatment	N (kg·hm^-2)	P₂O₅ (kg·hm^-2)	K₂O (kg·hm^-2)	N (kg·hm^-2)	P₂O₅ (kg·hm^-2)	K₂O (kg·hm^-2)	N (kg·hm^-2)	P₂O₅ (kg·hm^-2)	K₂O (kg·hm^-2)
CK	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
F1	6.95	8.16	16.73	12.74	14.96	30.67	90.3	106.1	217.5
F2	10.42	12.24	25.09	19.10	22.44	46.00	135.4	159.1	326.2
F3	13.89	16.31	33.46	25.47	29.91	61.34	180.6	212.1	434.9
F4	17.36	20.39	41.83	31.83	37.39	76.68	225.7	265.1	543.7
F5	20.84	24.47	50.19	38.20	44.87	92.02	270.9	318.2	652.5
F6	24.31	28.55	58.55	44.57	52.35	107.35	316.0	371.2	761.2

处理 Treatment	根系活力 Root activity (μg·g^-1 FW·h^-1)	根系总长度 Root total length (cm)	根系表面积 Root surface area (cm²)	根系体积 Root volume (cm³)
CK	72.30±4.10e	4222.2±191.9d	1614.9±75.0d	73.7±7.0d
F1	92.64±3.24d	5164.2±186.1bc	1880.9±76.9c	87.3±5.4cd
F2	151.28±10.25a	6300.5±269.9a	2366.4±91.6a	105.3±2.8ab
F3	147.53±2.39a	5660.4±309.2ab	2096.5±51.9b	110.4±3.1a
F4	143.04±8.06ab	5469.1±66.1 b	1938.3±135.6bc	112.7±2.0a
F5	131.56±5.56bc	5567.6±203.5b	1883.7±55.9c	98.5±3.8abc
F6	125.54±6.17c	4589.0±262.0cd	1654.4±53.4d	92.3±6.4bc

处理 Treatment	速效氮含量 Available nitrogen content (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷含量 Available phosphorus content (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾含量 Available potassium content (mg·kg^-1)	pH
CK	37.54±1.20f	38.54±2.54d	93.88±1.41e	7.57±0.014a
F1	45.40±3.66e	49.52±1.37c	132.33±2.84d	7.57±0.009a
F2	54.20±1.38d	63.49±3.45b	157.22±7.73c	7.54±0.024ab
F3	58.74±1.21cd	65.46±1.37b	177.79±8.98b	7.51±0.014bc
F4	61.53±2.53bc	71.95±1.79a	187.46±7.06b	7.48±0.031c
F5	65.79±2.70ab	74.54±1.30a	204.28±3.37a	7.46±0.034c
F6	68.19±1.60a	72.42±1.44a	201.02±6.34a	7.37±0.037d

处理 Treatment	香农指数 Shannon index (H)
处理 Treatment	60 d	90 d	120 d
CK	0.613±0.028ab	0.593±0.017b	0.568±0.025ab
F1	0.623±0.022a	0.640±0.004a	0.581±0.021a
F2	0.610±0.011ab	0.605±0.005b	0.556±0.017abc
F3	0.610±0.032ab	0.585±0.008bc	0.529±0.018bcd
F4	0.634±0.006a	0.557±0.019cd	0.467±0.020e
F5	0.611±0.017ab	0.597±0.012b	0.509±0.028cde
F6	0.566±0.029b	0.529±0.019d	0.487±0.014de

相关系数 Correlation coefficient	细菌 Bacteria	真菌 Fungi	放线菌 Actinomyces	脲酶 Urease	蔗糖酶 Sucrase	过氧化氢酶 Catalase	碱性磷酸酶 Alkaline phosphatase	速效氮Available nitrogen	速效磷Available phosphorus	速效钾Available potassium	pH	根系活力 Root activity	单株产量 Yield/plant
细菌 Bacteria	1
真菌 Fungi	0.278	1
放线菌 Actinomyces	0.627	0.783*	1
脲酶 Urease	0.761*	-0.122	0.300	1
蔗糖酶 Sucrase	0.786*	0.739	0.766*	0.279	1
过氧化氢酶 Catalase	0.928**	0.261	0.624	0.859*	0.636	1
碱性磷酸酶 Alkaline phosphatase	0.866*	0.257	0.710	0.816*	0.552	0.961**	1
速效氮 Available nitrogen	0.619	-0.341	0.075	0.964**	0.071	0.744	0.688	1
速效磷 Available phosphorus	0.723	-0.162	0.226	0.993**	0.242	0.829*	0.763*	0.980**	1
速效钾 Available potassium	0.656	-0.256	0.170	0.982**	0.121	0.797*	0.758*	0.992**	0.987**	1
pH	-0.274	0.733	0.387	-0.738	0.319	-0.369	-0.304	-0.879**	-0.780*	-0.824*	1
根系活力 Root activity	0.927**	0.219	0.570	0.848*	0.685	0.913**	0.830*	0.753	0.840*	0.772*	-0.420	1
单株产量 Yield/plant	0.952**	0.230	0.681	0.849*	0.664	0.954**	0.942**	0.726	0.811*	0.769*	-0.356	0.956**	1

氮磷钾用量对基质培茄子产量、根系形态和根际微生物数量与酶活性的影响

Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Dosage on the Yield, Root Morphology, Rhizosphere Microbial Quantity and Enzyme Activity of Eggplant Under Substrate Cultivation

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