东北半干旱区滴灌施肥条件下高产玉米干物质与 养分的积累分配特性

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.20.007

中国农业科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (20): 3559-3572.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.20.007

• 专题：东北春玉米高产与养分高效 • 上一篇下一篇

东北半干旱区滴灌施肥条件下高产玉米干物质与养分的积累分配特性

侯云鹏,孔丽丽,蔡红光,刘慧涛(),高玉山(),王永军,王立春

吉林省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业部东北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,长春 130033

收稿日期:2019-01-31 接受日期:2019-07-03 出版日期:2019-10-16 发布日期:2019-10-28
通讯作者: 刘慧涛,高玉山
作者简介:侯云鹏,E-mail：exceedfhvfha@163.com。|孔丽丽,E-mailongll2000@126.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0300604);国际植物营养研究所IPNI项目(NMBF-Jilin-2018);农业农村部植物营养与肥料学科群开放基金(KLPNF-2018-1);吉林省科技基础条件与平台建设计划(20160623030TC)

The Accumulation and Distribution Characteristics on Dry Matter and Nutrients of High-Yielding Maize Under Drip Irrigation and Fertilization Conditions in Semi-Arid Region of Northeastern China

YunPeng HOU,LiLi KONG,HongGuang CAI,HuiTao LIU(),YuShan GAO(),YongJun WANG,LiChun WANG

Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture, Changchun 130033

Received:2019-01-31 Accepted:2019-07-03 Online:2019-10-16 Published:2019-10-28
Contact: HuiTao LIU,YuShan GAO

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 研究东北半干旱区滴灌施肥条件下,不同栽培模式的玉米群体干物质和养分积累动态变化与转运分配特征,为区域春玉米滴灌施肥高产栽培技术提供理论依据。【方法】 2014—2016年,在吉林省西部半干旱区乾安县进行定位试验,以农华101为材料,在滴灌施肥条件下,分别设置农民栽培（FP)、高产栽培（HY）和超高产栽培（SHY）3种栽培模式。研究了滴灌施肥条件下,不同栽培模式对群体干物质和养分积累动态、转运与分配特征以及产量构成特性的影响。【结果】 与FP模式相比,HY和SHY模式玉米产量显著增加,平均增幅分别为16.0%和37.4%;穗粒数和百粒重低于FP模式,但单位面积穗数显著高于FP模式。HY和SHY模式较FP模式显著提高了玉米开花期至成熟期的群体干物质和氮、磷、钾积累量,并提高了开花后干物质和氮、磷、钾积累量占总生育期积累量的比例（花后干物质和氮、磷、钾积累量占总生育期积累量比例分别提高 8.0%、23.3%、10.0%、33.9%和13.8%、42.6%、21.6%、44.6%）。Logistic方程解析表明,HY和SHY模式群体干物质最大增长速率和平均增长速率均高于FP模式（干物质最大增长速率和平均增长速率分别提高6.9%、4.2% 和23.8%、10.9%）;且最大速率出现时间晚于FP模式。与FP模式相比,HY和SHY模式显著降低了玉米开花前养分转运率和转运养分对籽粒的贡献率,显著提高了开花后积累养分对籽粒的贡献率。相关分析结果表明,玉米开花前后干物质和氮、磷、钾素积累量与籽粒产量均呈显著或极显著正相关(r=0.7513—0.9840),其中开花后群体干物质和氮、磷、钾积累量与产量的相关性高于开花前。【结论】 与农户栽培模式相比,高产和超高产栽培模式在提高群体干物质最大增长速率和平均增长速率的同时,推迟了群体干物质最大增长速率出现时间,进而使玉米开花期至成熟期有较高的干物质与养分积累,同时显著提高了玉米开花后积累养分对籽粒贡献率。因此,在东北半干旱区滴灌施肥条件下,通过增加种植密度,利用氮磷钾肥料总量控制、分期调控等管理措施,保证玉米整个生育期对氮、磷、钾养分的需求,是实现玉米产量进一步提高的重要途径。

关键词: 半干旱区, 玉米产量, 滴灌施肥, 栽培模式, 干物质, 养分积累转运

Abstract:

【Objective】 Aiming at the accumulation dynamics and translocation and distribution characteristics of dry matter and nutrient of maize population among different cultivation modes under drip irrigation and fertilization conditions in semi-arid region of Northeastern China, this research provided the theoretical basis on high-yielding cultivation technique of spring maize under drip irrigation and fertilization conditions in the area.【Method】 The location experiment was conducted in Qian'an county in the western semi-arid region of Jilin province from 2014 to 2016 with three cultivation modes, including farmers' practice cultivation (FP), high-yielding cultivation (HY) and super high-yielding cultivation (SHY) under drip irrigation and fertilization conditions. Nonghua101 was chosen as experimental material. The characteristics of accumulation, translocation and distribution of dry matter and nutrient of maize population and the yield construction were studied among different cultivation modes under drip irrigation and fertilization conditions. 【Result】 The maize yield under HY and SHY modes were significantly higher than that under FP mode, with the average increment by 16.0% and 37.4%, respectively. The spike kernels and 100-kernels weight of HY and SHY modes were decreased than that of FP mode, but the spike numbers per unit area were significantly increased. Compared with FP mode, dry matter and N, P and K accumulations of maize population were significantly increased under HY and SHY modes from flowering stage to maturing stage, and the accumulation proportion of dry matter and N, P and K accumulations were increased in total growth period after flowering stage (the accumulation proportion of dry matter and N, P and K accumulations in total growth period after flowering stage were increased by 8.0%, 23.3%, 10.0%, 33.9% and 13.8%, 42.6%, 21.6%, 44.6%, respectively). Logistic equation analysis showed that the maximum and average increase rates of HY and SHY modes were 6.9%, 4.2% and 23.8%, 10.9% higher than that under FP mode, respectively, and the occurrence time of maximum rate was later. Compare with FP mode, HY and SHY modes reduced significantly nutrient translocation rate and contribution rate of translocation nutrients to kernels before flowering stage, and improved significantly contribution rate of accumulation nutrients to kernels after flowering stage of spring maize. Correlation analysis showed that the grain yield was significant or extremely significant correlated positively (r=0.7513-0.9840) with the dry matter and N, P and K accumulations around flowering stage of maize population, and the correlation coefficients after flowering stage were higher than them before flowering stage. 【Conclusion】 Compared with FP mode, HY and SHY modes improved the maximum and average increase rates of the dry matter in maize population, and postponed the occurrence time of the maximum increase rate of the dry matter. HY and SHY modes increased the dry matter and nutrient accumulations from flowering stage to maturing stage of maize, and enhanced significantly the contribution rate of accumulation nutrients to kernels after flowering stage. Therefore, the managing measures of increasing the planting density, controlling the total amount of N, P and K fertilizers and regulating fertilizer application during different stages could ensure the demand of N, P and K in the whole growth period of maize. This article provided an advantageous way for further promoting maize yield under drip irrigation and fertilization conditions in the semi-arid region of Northeastern China.

Key words: semi-arid region, maize yield, drip irrigation and fertilization, cultivation modes, dry matter, nutrient accumulation and translocation

侯云鹏,孔丽丽,蔡红光,刘慧涛,高玉山,王永军,王立春. 东北半干旱区滴灌施肥条件下高产玉米干物质与养分的积累分配特性[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(20): 3559-3572.

YunPeng HOU,LiLi KONG,HongGuang CAI,HuiTao LIU,YuShan GAO,YongJun WANG,LiChun WANG. The Accumulation and Distribution Characteristics on Dry Matter and Nutrients of High-Yielding Maize Under Drip Irrigation and Fertilization Conditions in Semi-Arid Region of Northeastern China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(20): 3559-3572.

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处理 Treatment	种植密度 Planting density (plant/hm²)	施肥量 Fertilizer rate (kg·hm^-2)			N-P₂O₅-K₂O施用比例 The application proportions of N, P and K fertilizers (%)
处理 Treatment	种植密度 Planting density (plant/hm²)	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	基肥 Basal Fertilizer	拔节期 V6	大喇叭口期 V12	开花期 VT	灌浆期 R3	乳熟期 R4
FP	60000	240	126	83	70-100-100	30-0-0	—	—	—	—
HY	75000	200	80	100	20-40-30	30-20-30	20-20-20	20-10-20	10-10-0	—
SHY	90000	300	120	150	10-50-30	20-10-20	20-10-25	20-10-25	20-15-10	10-5-5

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 HI	穗数 Ear (No. hm^-2)	穗粒数 Kernel	百粒重 100-Kernel weight (g)
2014	FP	10910c	0.49a	58350c	548.4a	34.6a
	HY	12994b	0.51a	74000b	536.3a	33.9a
	SHY	15231a	0.51a	86650a	532.7a	33.6a
2015	FP	11773c	0.49a	58150c	562.6a	36.1a
	HY	13656b	0.52a	72500b	549.8a	35.7a
	SHY	16132a	0.51a	87000a	548.9a	35.0a
2016	FP	11681c	0.48a	57850c	553.4a	36.0a
	HY	13210b	0.50a	73150b	539.6a	34.4a
	SHY	15854a	0.50a	87150a	536.0a	34.1a
方差分析 ANOVA
处理 Treatment (T)		**	NS	*	**	**
年份 Year (Y)		*	NS	NS	*	*
处理×年份 (T×Y)		*	NS	NS	*	NS

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	回归方程 Regression equation	R²	最大增长速率出现天数 The days of maximum increase rate (d)	最大增长速率 Maximum increase rate (kg·d·hm^-2)	平均增长速率 Average increase rate (kg·d·hm^-2)
2014	FP	Y=18709.931/（1+e^{312.666-0.075t}）	0.998	76.2b	352.5b	131.1c
	HY	Y=21439.737/（1+e^{209.682-0.068t}）	0.997	79.0a	362.5b	149.9b
	SHY	Y=25540.395/（1+e^{179.095-0.063t}）	0.998	81.9a	404.5a	177.6a
2015	FP	Y=20159.167/（1+e^{161.633-0.063t}）	0.997	81.0a	316.6b	135.8c
	HY	Y=23581.404/（1+e^{130.382.-0.058t}）	0.999	83.4a	344.2ab	157.7b
	SHY	Y=27816.458/（1+e^{154.644-0.059t}）	0.997	84.9a	412.9a	185.6a
2016	FP	Y=19759.418/（1+e^{273.277-0.071t}）	0.998	79.1a	350.2b	136.9c
	HY	Y=22904.026/（1+e^{228.540-0.067t}）	0.995	81.2a	382.9ab	157.7b
	SHY	Y=26974.290/（1+e^{240.389-0.066t}）	0.994	83.2a	444.4a	184.3a
方差分析 ANOVA
处理 Treatment (T)				**	**	**
年份 Year (Y)				NS	NS	NS
处理×年份 (T×Y)				NS	NS	NS

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	转运量 Translocation amount (kg·hm^-2)			转运率 Translocation rate (%)			转运养分对籽粒贡献率 Contribution rate of translocation nutrients to kernels (%)			积累养分对籽粒贡献率 Contribution rate of accumulation nutrients to kernels (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	N	P	K	N	P	K	N	P	K	N	P	K
2014	FP	74.8a	13.1a	21.6a	55.1a	72.4a	14.1a	59.2a	64.6a	52.3a	40.8c	35.4c	47.7b
	HY	72.3a	13.0a	19.4a	49.7b	63.5b	11.7b	50.0b	59.3b	40.8b	50.0b	40.7b	59.2a
	SHY	76.4a	14.6a	21.7a	45.5c	66.3b	12.0b	40.7c	57.1c	37.8b	59.3a	42.9a	62.2a
2015	FP	81.7a	16.6a	28.5a	59.2a	76.8a	17.7a	61.9a	65.3a	58.2a	38.1c	34.7c	41.8c
	HY	79.1a	17.4a	26.5a	52.4b	72.5b	14.9b	51.9b	60.0b	45.2b	48.1b	40.0b	54.8b
	SHY	78.9a	17.8a	27.8a	44.4c	69.7b	13.8b	40.4a	54.7c	39.7c	59.6a	45.3a	60.3a
2016	FP	81.8a	18.1a	27.0a	57.7a	81.4a	17.0a	67.5a	67.0a	59.3a	32.5c	33.0c	40.7c
	HY	79.0a	17.4a	26.6a	51.6b	71.8b	15.0b	57.4b	60.8b	48.3b	42.6b	39.2b	51.7b
	SHY	83.6a	18.8a	28.3a	48.1b	70.5b	14.4b	43.2c	57.0c	45.1c	56.8a	43.0a	54.9a
方差分析 ANOVA
处理 Treatment (T)		**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
年份 Year (Y)		*	*	*	*	*	*	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
处理×年份 (T×Y)		*	*	*	*	*	*	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

东北半干旱区滴灌施肥条件下高产玉米干物质与养分的积累分配特性

The Accumulation and Distribution Characteristics on Dry Matter and Nutrients of High-Yielding Maize Under Drip Irrigation and Fertilization Conditions in Semi-Arid Region of Northeastern China

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东北半干旱区滴灌施肥条件下高产玉米干物质与 养分的积累分配特性

The Accumulation and Distribution Characteristics on Dry Matter and Nutrients of High-Yielding Maize Under Drip Irrigation and Fertilization Conditions in Semi-Arid Region of Northeastern China

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东北半干旱区滴灌施肥条件下高产玉米干物质与养分的积累分配特性