中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (2): 273-287.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.02.005
邓浩亮1,张恒嘉1,2(),肖让1,张永玲1,田建良1,李福强2,王玉才2,周宏3,李煊2
收稿日期:
2019-05-13
接受日期:
2019-07-12
出版日期:
2020-01-16
发布日期:
2020-02-17
通讯作者:
张恒嘉
作者简介:
邓浩亮,E-mail:denghaoliang521@163.com。
基金资助:
DENG HaoLiang1,ZHANG HengJia1,2(),XIAO Rang1,ZHANG YongLing1,TIAN JianLiang1,LI FuQiang2,WANG YuCai2,ZHOU Hong3,LI Xuan2
Received:
2019-05-13
Accepted:
2019-07-12
Online:
2020-01-16
Published:
2020-02-17
Contact:
HengJia ZHANG
摘要:
【目的】探讨黄土高原半干旱区不同覆盖种植方式对土壤水热效应及春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,为优化陇中旱作农业区春玉米农田土壤水热环境,提高作物产量提供依据。【方法】于2015—2016年在甘肃省榆中县石头沟省级旱作农业示范点开展田间定位试验,设平地全膜覆盖(WM)、平地半膜覆盖(HM)、隔沟覆膜垄播(MRM)、全膜双垄沟播(WRF)、秸秆覆盖(SM)和露地平播(CK)6种种植方式,测定分析春玉米各生育时期土层剖面水热状况、物候特征、不同生长阶段耗水特性和水分利用效率,以及收获后春玉米产量与水分利用效率。【结果】与露地平作(CK)相比,地膜覆盖处理较CK具有增温效应,全生育期土壤平均增温2.42℃,而SM处理表现为降温效应,平均降温0.36℃,且该调节效应主要表现在苗期,随后温度调节效应逐渐减弱;MRM、WRF、HM和SM处理在春玉米整个生育期内保墒效果显著,而WM处理不利于降水收集,仅在春玉米生长前期具有保墒效果,而在中后期随作物耗水增加,土壤含水率低于CK;春玉米在生长中期(拔节至吐丝)耗水最多,生长后期(吐丝至成熟)次之,生长前期(出苗至拔节)耗水最少,其中地膜覆盖耗水量大于秸秆覆盖,全膜覆盖耗水量大于半膜覆盖;地膜覆盖能显著提高春玉米中前期水分利用效率,其中生育前期和中期分别以HM和WRF处理提高幅度最大,2年平均较CK分别提高250.68%和61.30%;地膜覆盖种植方式在增温、促进耗水作用下使春玉米各生育期提前并增加单株干重,最终表现为产量和水分利用效率的提高,其中以WRF和MRM处理增产和提高水分利用效率效果最为显著,产量较CK分别平均增加171.40%和155.05%,水分利用效率分别平均增加142.80%和125.44%。【结论】垄沟集雨种植方式可明显改善黄土高原半干旱地区土壤水热环境,增加玉米物质积累量,其中全膜双垄沟播种植方式的玉米产量和水分利用效率最佳。
邓浩亮,张恒嘉,肖让,张永玲,田建良,李福强,王玉才,周宏,李煊. 陇中半干旱区不同覆盖种植方式对土壤水热效应和玉米产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(2): 273-287.
DENG HaoLiang,ZHANG HengJia,XIAO Rang,ZHANG YongLing,TIAN JianLiang,LI FuQiang,WANG YuCai,ZHOU Hong,LI Xuan. Effects of Different Covering Planting Patterns on Soil Moisture, Temperature Characteristics and Maize Yield in Semi-Arid Region of the Loess Plateau[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(2): 273-287.
表1
试验设计"
处理 Treatment | 代码 Code | 方法 Method |
---|---|---|
平地全膜覆盖 Non-contoured seedbed with film mulching | WM | 前茬作物收获后及时灭茬,待试验区土壤解冻之前(播前一个月左右),翻耕30 cm,施入足够肥料,然后用120 cm宽的地膜覆盖,膜与膜之间不留空隙,相互重叠大约5 cm,相接处用土压实,采用等行间距穴播点种。 After the former plants harvest, they should be wiped out. Before the soil thawed in the test area (about a month before sowing), plowed 30 cm, applied enough fertilizer, and then covered with plastic film 120 cm wide. There was no space between films, and they overlapped with each other about 5 cm. Soil was compacted at the junction, and seeds were planted at the same row space. |
平地半膜覆盖 Non-contoured seedbed with half film mulching | HM | 覆膜前整地、施肥同WM处理,用120 cm宽的地膜覆盖,膜与膜之间间隔40 cm,地膜两侧用土压实,采用宽窄行(宽行70 cm,窄行40 cm)穴播点种。 Before mulching, soil preparation and fertilization were same as WM. Plastic film of 120 cm wide was used to cover the soil, with an interval of 40 cm between the film and soil compaction on both sides of the plastic film. The sowing were used of wide and narrow rows (70 cm wide and 40 cm narrow rows) . |
隔沟覆膜垄播 Ridge-furrow with polyethylene film and straw mulching | MRM | 覆膜前整地、施肥同WM处理,试验区土壤解冻之前起垄铺膜,每幅垄大小相等,垄幅宽均为35 cm,高15 cm,两垄相接处形成集雨沟,集雨沟宽20cm。选用120 cm宽的地膜,边起垄边覆膜,地膜与垄外侧紧贴,用土压住地膜。在垄上进行穴播点种。 Before mulching, soil preparation and fertilization were same as WM. Before thawing, the soil in the experimental area was furrowed and covered with film. Each ridge is equal in size, with a width of 35 cm and a height of 15 cm. Rain gutters are formed where two ridges meet. The ditch is 20 cm wide. A 120 cm wide mulch is selected, and the mulch is covered while the ridge is covered. The mulch is close to the outside of the ridge, and the soil is pressed by the soil. Spot-seeding on ridges. |
全膜双垄沟播 Ridge-furrow with full film mulching | WRF | 覆膜前整地、施肥同WM处理,试验区土壤解冻之前起垄铺膜,每幅垄分为大小两垄,垄幅宽110 cm。大垄宽70 cm、高10 cm,小垄宽40 cm、高15 cm。选用120 cm宽的地膜,膜与膜之间不留空隙,相接处用土压住地膜。在大小垄相接处沟内穴播点种。 Before mulching, soil preparation and fertilization were same as WM. Before thawing, the soil in the experimental area was furrowed and covered with film. Each ridge was divided into two ridges with a width of 110 cm. The large ridge was 70 cm wide and 10 cm high, and the small ridge was 40 cm wide and 15 cm high. Plastic film of 120 cm width was selected, no space was left between the film and the film, and soil was used to press the plastic film at the junction. Seeds were planted in the furrows where the ridges connect. |
秸秆垄沟覆盖 Ridge-furrow with straw mulching | SM | 覆盖前整地、施肥、起垄同WRF处理,用小麦秸秆进行全覆盖,按4 000kg·hm-2 的比例均匀覆盖,在大小垄相接处沟内穴播点种。 Land preparation, fertilization and ridding before mulching were same as WRF, and wheat straw was used for full coverage. According to the proportion of 4 000kg·hm-2, seeds were planted in the ditches where the ridges and ridges connect. |
露地平播 Non-contoured seedbed without mulching | CK | 采用等行间距穴播点种,无覆盖。 The seeds were seeded at the same row space, without covering. |
表2
不同覆盖种植方式对春玉米田0-25cm土壤平均温度的影响"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 苗期 Seedling | 拔节期 Jointing | 吐丝期 Silking | 灌浆期 Grain filling | 成熟期 Maturity | 平均 Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | WM | 22.50b | 26.07ab | 21.37ab | 20.06ab | 15.07ab | 21.01ab |
HM | 21.53b | 25.17b | 20.76bc | 19.62bc | 14.45b | 20.31bc | |
MRM | 24.43a | 27.29a | 22.18a | 20.79a | 15.52a | 22.04a | |
WRF | 22.02b | 25.52b | 21.33ab | 20.53a | 15.29a | 20.94b | |
SM | 18.18c | 23.09c | 19.39d | 18.48c | 13.29c | 18.48d | |
CK | 19.08c | 23.74c | 19.80cd | 18.72c | 13.50c | 18.97cd | |
平均 Mean | 21.29 | 25.15 | 20.80 | 19.70 | 14.52 | ||
2016 | WM | 25.40b | 25.61ab | 22.94bc | 19.22ab | 14.83ab | 21.60b |
HM | 24.11b | 24.61b | 21.90c | 18.44bc | 13.97bc | 20.61c | |
MRM | 27.31a | 26.45a | 24.19a | 20.11a | 15.72a | 22.76a | |
WRF | 24.05b | 25.35ab | 22.97bc | 19.58a | 15.53a | 21.50b | |
SM | 19.52c | 22.47c | 20.24d | 17.88c | 13.07c | 18.64d | |
CK | 19.82c | 22.57c | 20.46d | 17.93c | 13.57c | 18.87d | |
平均 Mean | 23.37 | 24.51 | 22.12 | 18.86 | 14.45 | ||
2年平均 Average numerical values of 2 years | WM | 23.95b | 25.84ab | 22.16b | 19.64ab | 14.95ab | 21.31b |
HM | 22.82b | 24.89b | 21.33b | 19.03bc | 14.21bc | 20.46c | |
MRM | 25.87a | 26.87a | 23.18a | 20.45a | 15.62a | 22.40a | |
WRF | 23.03b | 25.44b | 22.15b | 20.06a | 15.41a | 21.22b | |
SM | 18.85c | 22.78c | 19.81c | 18.18c | 13.18d | 18.56d | |
CK | 19.45c | 23.16c | 20.13c | 18.33c | 13.54cd | 18.92d | |
平均 Mean | 22.33 | 24.83 | 21.46 | 19.28 | 14.49 |
表3
不同覆盖种植方式对春玉米田0—100 cm土壤贮水量的影响"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 耕作期 Plowing | 播种 Sowing | 苗期 Seedling | 拔节期 Jointing | 吐丝期 Silking | 灌浆期 Grain filling | 成熟期 Maturity | 收获期 Harvesting | 平均 Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | WM | 203.13a | 217.80a | 245.49a | 247.40a | 195.58a | 158.32ab | 112.37b | 110.41b | 186.31a |
HM | 179.44b | 185.85c | 229.33b | 236.18b | 197.68a | 168.38a | 123.79a | 114.77ab | 179.43a | |
MRM | 191.86ab | 200.85b | 238.81ab | 234.98b | 188.75ab | 158.37ab | 126.96a | 120.85a | 182.68a | |
WRF | 182.03b | 190.73bc | 244.31a | 248.19a | 194.80a | 161.75a | 121.09a | 113.27ab | 182.02a | |
SM | 160.51c | 168.25d | 198.15c | 206.72c | 176.32b | 154.08b | 122.84a | 118.13a | 163.13b | |
CK | 150.55c | 152.40e | 204.18c | 205.70c | 176.15b | 157.11ab | 119.67ab | 116.22ab | 160.25b | |
平均 Mean | 177.92 | 185.98 | 226.71 | 229.86 | 188.21 | 159.67 | 121.12 | 115.61 | 175.63 | |
2016 | WM | 145.72bc | 164.30ab | 223.84a | 234.63a | 189.24b | 157.67bc | 113.15c | 108.83c | 167.17ab |
HM | 136.29cd | 140.63c | 208.59b | 231.80a | 197.64ab | 166.76b | 127.93b | 125.65b | 166.91ab | |
MRM | 152.96a | 167.13a | 198.58bc | 213.37bc | 179.61c | 154.68c | 117.20bc | 122.27b | 163.23b | |
WRF | 149.31ab | 154.88b | 197.40bc | 225.73a | 187.25bc | 148.69c | 107.76c | 119.81b | 161.35b | |
SM | 144.28bc | 154.89b | 201.82b | 222.40ab | 208.50a | 190.06a | 152.46a | 154.04a | 178.56a | |
CK | 132.16d | 136.85c | 189.89c | 210.70c | 182.04bc | 160.89bc | 113.99c | 109.44c | 154.50b | |
平均 Mean | 143.45 | 153.11 | 203.35 | 223.10 | 190.71 | 163.12 | 122.08 | 123.34 | 165.28 | |
2年平均 Average numerical values of 2 years | WM | 174.43a | 191.05a | 234.66a | 241.01a | 192.41ab | 157.99bc | 112.76c | 109.62c | 176.74a |
HM | 157.87b | 163.24c | 218.96b | 233.99ab | 197.66a | 167.57ab | 125.86b | 120.21b | 173.17a | |
MRM | 172.41a | 183.99ab | 218.69b | 224.17bc | 184.18bc | 156.52bc | 122.08b | 121.56b | 172.95a | |
WRF | 165.67ab | 172.80bc | 220.85b | 236.96a | 191.03ab | 155.22c | 114.43bc | 116.54b | 171.69a | |
SM | 152.40bc | 160.35c | 199.98c | 214.56cd | 192.41ab | 172.07a | 138.87a | 136.09a | 170.84ab | |
CK | 141.36c | 144.62d | 197.04c | 208.20d | 179.10c | 159.00bc | 116.83bc | 112.83bc | 157.37b | |
平均 Mean | 160.69 | 169.34 | 215.03 | 226.48 | 189.46 | 161.40 | 121.80 | 119.47 | 167.17 |
表4
旱地不同覆盖种植方式对春玉米物候期的影响"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 物候期 phenology (d) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
播种—出苗 PS-ES | 出苗—拔节 ES-JS | 拔节—吐丝 JS-SS | 吐丝—灌浆 SS-GS | 灌浆—成熟 GS-MS | 播种—成熟 PS-MS | ||
2015 | WM | 10c | 30b | 38b | 16c | 54b | 148b |
HM | 12c | 30b | 39b | 17c | 54b | 152b | |
MRM | 10c | 28b | 33b | 16c | 59a | 146b | |
WRF | 10c | 29b | 33b | 16c | 59a | 147b | |
SM | 20a | 40a | 45a | 22a | 39d | 166a | |
CK | 16b | 35b | 42ab | 20b | 45c | 158ab | |
平均 Mean | 13.00 | 32.00 | 38.33 | 17.83 | 51.67 | 152.83 | |
2016 | WM | 11b | 28c | 36c | 15c | 58b | 148b |
HM | 14b | 26c | 42bc | 18b | 55bc | 155ab | |
MRM | 11b | 26c | 33d | 17bc | 65a | 152ab | |
WRF | 11b | 27c | 34cd | 17bc | 63ab | 152ab | |
SM | 19a | 42a | 50a | 24a | 28d | 163a | |
CK | 15b | 33b | 43b | 23ab | 45c | 159ab | |
平均 Mean | 13.50 | 30.33 | 39.67 | 19.00 | 52.33 | 154.83 | |
2年平均 Average numerical values of 2 years | WM | 10.5c | 29.0c | 37.0c | 15.5c | 56.0b | 148.0b |
HM | 13.0c | 28.0c | 40.5bc | 17.5b | 54.5bc | 153.5ab | |
MRM | 10.5c | 27.0c | 33.0d | 16.5bc | 62.0a | 149.0b | |
WRF | 10.5c | 28.0c | 33.5d | 16.5bc | 61.0ab | 149.5b | |
SM | 19.5a | 41.0a | 47.5a | 23.0a | 33.5d | 164.5a | |
CK | 15.5b | 34.0b | 42.5b | 21.5ab | 45.0c | 158.5ab | |
平均 Mean | 13.25 | 31.17 | 39.00 | 18.42 | 52.00 | 153.83 |
表5
不同覆盖种植方式对春玉米阶段性耗水量和水分利用效率的影响"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 生育时期Growth stage | 总耗水量 Total water consumption (mm) | 籽粒水分 利用效率 Grain water use efficiency (kg·hm-2·mm-1) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
前期(出苗-拔节) Early stage (Budding-Jointing) | 中期(拔节-吐丝) Middle stage (Jointing-Silking) | 后期(吐丝-成熟) Later stage (Silking-Maturity) | ||||||||||
耗水量 WC (mm) | 耗水模系数 WCC (%) | 水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm-2·mm-1) | 耗水量 WC (mm) | 耗水模 系数 WCC (%) | 水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm-2·mm-1) | 耗水量 WC (mm) | 耗水模系数 WCC (%) | 水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm-2·mm-1) | ||||
2015 | WM | 58.00a | 17.94 | 44.55c | 144.12a | 44.59 | 91.65c | 121.11a | 37.47 | 57.83de | 323.23a | 17.44c |
HM | 37.27d | 13.32 | 65.29b | 130.80bc | 46.74 | 105.52b | 111.79b | 39.94 | 55.28e | 279.86bc | 18.18c | |
MRM | 53.47b | 18.33 | 45.54c | 138.53b | 47.49 | 116.50a | 99.69c | 34.18 | 71.45c | 291.69b | 22.59b | |
WRF | 30.14e | 10.49 | 70.77a | 145.69a | 50.69 | 105.72b | 111.61b | 38.83 | 61.17d | 287.44b | 24.50a | |
SM | 49.13c | 18.67 | 10.31e | 122.70c | 46.62 | 55.37e | 91.38d | 34.72 | 100.75a | 263.21cd | 10.85d | |
CK | 34.30d | 13.69 | 20.70d | 121.85c | 48.64 | 72.35d | 94.38cd | 37.67 | 88.48b | 250.53d | 10.40d | |
平均 Mean | 43.72 | 15.41 | 42.86 | 133.95 | 47.46 | 91.18 | 104.99 | 37.13 | 72.49 | 282.66 | 17.33 | |
2016 | WM | 33.16e | 10.93 | 70.84b | 160.00a | 52.76 | 69.75d | 110.09ab | 36.30 | 78.56d | 303.25a | 20.40c |
HM | 24.74f | 9.34 | 78.49a | 136.35c | 51.49 | 74.50cd | 103.71b | 39.17 | 102.05c | 264.79bc | 20.56c | |
MRM | 61.25a | 20.28 | 37.74d | 144.37b | 47.80 | 80.57bc | 96.41c | 31.92 | 107.57c | 302.03a | 23.13b | |
WRF | 50.18b | 16.77 | 46.11c | 135.55c | 45.30 | 93.52a | 113.49a | 37.93 | 77.65d | 299.22a | 24.74a | |
SM | 45.77c | 17.98 | 13.20f | 118.72d | 46.64 | 40.12f | 90.04c | 35.38 | 151.92a | 254.53c | 13.22d | |
CK | 39.66d | 14.42 | 20.29e | 133.25c | 48.46 | 51.17e | 102.05bc | 37.11 | 116.93b | 274.96b | 9.88e | |
平均 Mean | 42.46 | 14.96 | 44.45 | 138.04 | 48.74 | 68.27 | 102.63 | 36.30 | 105.78 | 283.13 | 18.66 | |
2年 平均 Average numerical values of 2 years | WM | 45.58b | 14.44 | 57.70b | 152.06a | 48.67 | 80.70c | 115.60a | 36.89 | 68.19e | 313.24a | 18.92c |
HM | 31.01e | 11.33 | 71.89a | 133.58bc | 49.11 | 90.01b | 107.75ab | 39.56 | 78.67d | 272.33b | 19.37c | |
MRM | 57.36a | 19.31 | 41.64c | 141.45ab | 47.65 | 98.54ab | 98.05b | 33.05 | 89.51c | 296.86a | 22.86b | |
WRF | 40.16c | 13.63 | 58.44b | 140.62b | 47.99 | 99.62a | 112.55a | 38.38 | 69.41e | 293.33a | 24.62a | |
SM | 47.45b | 18.32 | 11.76e | 120.71d | 46.63 | 47.75e | 90.71c | 35.05 | 126.33a | 258.87b | 12.04d | |
CK | 36.98d | 14.06 | 20.50d | 127.55cd | 48.55 | 61.76d | 98.22b | 37.39 | 102.71b | 262.75b | 10.14e | |
平均 Mean | 43.09 | 15.18 | 43.65 | 135.99 | 48.10 | 79.73 | 103.81 | 36.72 | 89.14 | 282.90 | 17.99 |
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